Abstract
Industrial-scale microalgae production will likely require large energy-intensive technologies for both culture and biomass recovery; energy-efficient and cost-effective microalgae dewatering and water management are major challenges. Primary dewatering is typically achieved through flocculation followed by separation via settling or flotation. Flocculants are relatively expensive, and their presence can limit the reuse of de-oiled flocculated microalgae. Natural flocculation of microalgae—autoflocculation—occurs in response to changes in pH and water hardness and, if controlled, might lead to less-expensive “flocculant-free” dewatering. A better understanding of autoflocculation should also prompt higher yields by preventing unwanted autoflocculation. Autoflocculation is driven by double-layer coordination between microalgae, Ca+2 and Mg+2, and/or mineral surface precipitates of calcite, Mg(OH)2, and hydroxyapatite that form primarily at pH > 8. Combining surface complexation models that describe the interface of microalgae:water, calcite:water, Mg(OH)2:water, and hydroxyapatite:water allows optimal autoflocculation conditions—for example pH, Mg, Ca, and P levels—to be identified for a given culture medium.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ayoub GM, Lee S-I, Koopman B (1986) Seawater induced algal flocculation. Water Res 20:1265–1271
Bernhardt H, Clasen J (1991) Flocculation of micro-organisms. J Water Supply Res Technol-AQUA 40:76–87
Biller P, Ross AB (2011) Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content. Bioresour Technol 102:215–225. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028
Borowitzka M (1992) Algal biotechnology products and processes—matching science and economics. J Appl Phycol 4:267–279
Borowitzka M (1999) Commercial production of microalgae: ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters. J Biotechnol 70:313–321
Borowitzka MA, Moheimani NR (2010) Sustainable biofuels from algae. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change. doi:10.1007/s11027-010-9271-9
Brady PV, Pohl PI, Hewson JC (2014) A coordination chemistry model of algal autoflocculation. Algal Res 5:226−230. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2014.02.004
Bratby J (2008) Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. International Water Association (IWA)
Charcosset C (2009) A review of membrane processes and renewable energies for desalination. Desalination 245:214–231
Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 25:294–306
Clarens AF, Resurreccion EP, White MA, Colosi LM (2010) Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks. Environ Sci Technol 44:1813–1819
de Boer K, Moheimani N, Borowitzka M, Bahri P (2012) Extraction and conversion pathways for microalgae to biodiesel: a review focused on energy consumption. J Appl Phycol:1–18. doi:10.1007/s10811-012-9835-z
Duan JM, Gregory J (2003) Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 100:475–502
Ensyn (2011) The RTP pyrolysis pathway, maximizing value of biomass residues. http://www.ensyn.com/wp-content/uploads/rich-widget/file/EC%20Corp%20PPT%20April%202011NEW.pdf. Accessed 30 Apr 2013
Evodos (2011) Totally, dewatering algae. Alive
Folkman Y, Wachs AM (1973) Removal of algae from stabilization pond effluents by lime treatment. Water Res 7:419–435
Fon Sing S, Isdepsky A, Borowitzka M, Moheimani NR (2011) Production of biofuels from microalgae. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change. doi: 10.1007/s11027-011-9294-x
Gjaldbæk JK (1924) Über das potential zwischen der 0.1 n und 3.5 n kalomelelektrode. Mathematisk-fysiske meddelelser, 5(9) Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen, Denmark
Griffiths MJ, Harrison STL (2009) Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 21:493–507
Hadjoudja S, Deluchat V, Baudu M (2010) Cell surface characterisation of Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella vulgaris. J Colloid Interface Sci 342:293–299
Henderson RK, Sharp E, Jarvis P, Parsons SA, Jefferson B (2006) Identifying the linkage between particle characteristics and understanding coagulation performance. Water Sci Technol 6:31–38
Henderson R, Parsons SA, Jefferson B (2008) The impact of algal properties and pre-oxidation on solid-liquid separation of algae. Water Res 42:1827–1845
Jackson GA, Burd AB (1998) Aggregation in the marine environment. Environ Sci Tech 32:2805–2814
Knuckey RM, Brown MR, Robert R, Frampton DMF (2006) Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacult Eng 35:300–313
Kunjapur AM, Eldridge RB (2010) Photobioreactor design for commercial biofuel production from microalgae. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:3516–3526
Lee Y-K (2001) Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: their limitation and potential. J Appl Phycol 13:307–315
Li F (2012) Modeling and control of algae harvesting, dewatering, and drying (HDD) systems. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
McHenry MP (2010) Microalgal bioenergy, biosequestration, and water use efficiency for remote resource industries in Western Australia. In: Harris AM (ed) Clean energy: resources, production and developments. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York
McHenry MP (2013) Hybrid microalgal biofuel, desalination, and solution mining systems: increased industrial waste energy, carbon, and water use efficiencies. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 18:159–167
Moheimani NR, McHenry MP (2013) Developments of five selected microalgae companies developing “closed” bioreactor biofuel production systems. Int J Innov Sustain Dev 7:367–386
Moheimani NR, Lewis D, Borowitzka MA, Pahl S (2011) Harvesting, thickening and dewatering microalgae. In: Carioca JOB (ed) International microalgae and biofuels workshop, Fortaleza, Brasil, p 227
Moheimani NR, McHenry MP, de Boer K (2013) The forefront of low-cost and high-volume open microalgae biofuel production. In: Gupta VK, Schmoll M, Maki M, Tuohy M, Antonio Mazutti M (eds) Applications of microbial engineering. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire
Parkhurst DL, Appelo CAJ (1999) User’s guide to PHREEQC (Version 2)—A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations
Pieterse AJH, Cloot A (1997) Algal cells and coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes. Water Sci Technol 36:111–118
Pokrovsky OS, Schott J (2004) Experimental study of brucite dissolution and precipitation in aqueous solutions: surface speciation and chemical affinity control. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 68:31–45
Pytkowicz RM, Atlas E (1975) Buffer intensity of seawater. Limnol Oceanogr 20:222–229
Regalbuto JR (2011) The sea change in US biofuels’ funding: from cellulosic ethanol to green gasoline. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 5:495–504
Schlesinger A, Eisenstadt DB-G, A, Carmely H, Einbinder S, Gressel J (2012) Inexpensive non-toxic flocculation of microalgae contradicts theories; overcoming a major hurdle to bulk algal production. Biotechnol Adv 30:1023–1030
Smith BT, Davis RH (2012) Sedimentation of algae flocculated using naturally-available, magnesium-based flocculants. Algal Res 1:32–39
Solix Biofuels (2011a) Coyote gulch demonstration plant. http://www.solixbiofuels.com/content/products/demonstration-facility. Accessed 7 May 2012
Solix Biofuels (2011b) Inclusions & options for the Lumian™ AGS4000. http://www.solixbiofuels.com/content/products/inclusions-options. Accessed 7 May 2012
Solix Biofuels (2011c) The Lumian™ AGS4000: a high productivity algae growth system. http://www.solixbiofuels.com/content/products/lumian-ags4000. Accessed 7 May 2012
Sukenik A, Shelef G (1984) Algal autoflocculation—verification and proposed mechanism. Biotechnol Bioeng 26:142–147
Vandamme D, Foubert I, Muylaert K (2013) Flocculation as a low-cost method for harvesting microalgae for bulk biomass production. Trends Biotechnol 31:233–239
Vasudevan PT, Briggs M (2008) Biodiesel production—current state of the art and challenges. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:421–430
Wyman CE, Goodman BJ (1993) Biotechnology for production of fuels, chemicals, and materials from biomass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 39:41–59
Xiong W, Li X, Xiang J, Wu Q (2008) High-density fermentation of microalga Chlorella protothecoides in bioreactor for microbio-diesel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 78:29–36
Acknowledgements
Funding from the Sandia National Laboratories LDRD Office is gratefully acknowledged by PVB. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brady, P.V., McHenry, M.P., Carolina Cuello, M., Moheimani, N.R. (2015). Industrial-scale Microalgae Pond Primary Dewatering Chemistry for Energy-efficient Autoflocculation. In: Moheimani, N., McHenry, M., de Boer, K., Bahri, P. (eds) Biomass and Biofuels from Microalgae. Biofuel and Biorefinery Technologies, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16639-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16640-7
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)