Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fabrication of Photonic Crystals Using Holographic Lithography

  • Chapter
Book cover Organic and Hybrid Photonic Crystals

Abstract

Fabrication of periodical micro- and nano-structures with functional defects is one of the key issues in photonic crystals and metamaterials research fields. Low cost, fast, and simple fabrication techniques capable of producing photonic structures in a large scale are crucial to realize their potential applications. In this chapter, we will firstly provide an overview of recent research activities in the fabrication of photonic crystals especially by holographic lithography technique. Secondly, we will emphasize on discussing the principle, advantage, and experimental processes of the single-prism based holographic lithography method, where the refractive prism compacts and simplifies the optical experimental setup since it can split and recombine multiple beams simultaneously. Specific examples from recent literature will be illustrated. We will also demonstrate how to generate functional defects by modulating the phase of the laser beam in one-, two-, and three-dimensional periodic structures in a single exposure holographic process. Lastly, we will concentrate on discussing the application of the templates fabricated by the holographic lithography technique, such as inversing the templates by infiltrating functional materials, or materials with higher refractive index than polymers to obtain larger photonic band gap.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. E. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. S. John, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. P. Lodahl, A.F. Driel, I.S. Nikolaev, A. Irman, K. Overgaag, D. Vanmaekelbergh, W.L. Vos, Nature 430, 654 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. S. Noda, M. Fujita, T. Asano, Nat. Photonics 1, 449 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Tandaechanurat, S. Ishida, D. Guimard, M. Nomura, S. Iwamoto, Y. Arakawa, Nat. Photonics 5, 91 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. P. Michler, Science 290, 2282 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. M.H. Qi, E. Lidorikis, P.T. Rakich, S.G. Johnson, J.D. Joannopoulos, E.P. Ippen, H.I. Smith, Nature 429, 538 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Blanco, E. Chomski, S. Grabtchak, M. Ibisate, S. John, S.W. Leonard, C. Lopez, F. Meseguer, H. Miguez, J.P. Mondia, G.A. Ozin, O. Toader, H.M. Driel, Nature 405, 437 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. M. Deubel, G. Freymann, M. Wegener, S. Pereira, K. Busch, C.M. Soukoulis, Nat. Mater. 3, 444 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. N. Yamamoto, S. Noda, A. Chutinan, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37, L1052 (1998). Part (2)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Campbell, D.N. Sharp, M.T. Harrison, R.G. Denning, A.J. Turberfield, Nature 404, 53 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. V. Berger, O. Gauthier-Lafaye, E. Costard, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 60 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Shoji, S. Kawata, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2668 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. L.Z. Cai, X.L. Yang, Y.R. Wang, Opt. Lett. 27, 900 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. T.Y.M. Chan, O. Toader, S. John, Phys. Rev. E 73, 046610 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. D. Xu, K.P. Chen, K. Ohlinger, Y. Lin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 031101 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. S.G. Park, Adv. Mater. 23, 2749 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan, C.M. Sokoulis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3152 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan, C.M. Sokoulis, R. Biswas, M. Sigalas, Solid State Commun. 89, 413 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. W. Mao, G. Liang, Y.Y. Pu, H. Wang, Z. Zeng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 261911 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. W. Mao, G. Liang, H. Zou, R. Zhang, H. Wang, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23, 2046 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. L.J. Wu, Y.C. Zhong, K.S. Wong, G.P. Wang, L. Yuan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 091115 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Y. Yang, Q.Z. Li, G.P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 061112 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. X. Wang, C.Y. Ng, W.Y. Tam, C.T. Chan, P. Sheng, Adv. Mater. 15, 1526 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Y. Yang, S.H. Zhang, G.P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 251104 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. K. Shen, G.M. Jiang, W.D. Mao, S. Baig, R.M. Wang, Appl. Opt. 52, 6474 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Y.K. Pang, J.C.W. Lee, H.F. Lee, W.Y. Tam, C.T. Chan, P. Sheng, Opt. Express 13, 7615 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Y.V. Miklyaev, D.C. Meisel, A. Blanco, G. Freymanna, K. Busch, W. Koch, C. Enkrich, M. Deubel, M. Wegener, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1284 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J.B. Yeo, S.D. Yun, H.Y. Lee, J. Appl. Phys. 102, 084502 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. N.D. Lai, W.P. Liang, J.H. Lin, C.C. Hsu, C.H. Lin, Opt. Express 13, 9605 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. K. Ohlinger, H. Zhang, Y. Lin, D. Xu, K.P. Chen, Opt. Mater. Express 1, 1034 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. J. Lutkenhaus, F.A. Farro, D. George, K. Ohlinger, H. Zhang, Z. Poole, K.P. Chen, Y. Lin, Opt. Mater. Express 2, 1236 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. G. Wang, C. Tan, Y. Yi, H. Shan, J. Mod. Opt. 50, 2155 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. L.J. Wu, Y.C. Zhong, C.T. Chan, K.S. Wong, G.P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 241102 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. J.D. Joannopoulos, P.R. Villeneuve, S. Fan, Nature 386, 143 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. J. Scrimgeour, D.N. Sharp, C.F. Blanford, O.M. Roche, R.G. Denning, A.J. Turberfield, Adv. Mater. 18, 1557 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. X. Zhang, S. Strauf, Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 093110 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. H.M. Su, Y.C. Zhong, X. Wang, X.G. Zheng, J.F. Xu, H.Z. Wang, Phys. Rev. E 67, 056619 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. X. Mai, R. Moshrefzadeh, U.J. Gibson, G.I. Stegeman, C.T. Seaton, Appl. Opt. 24, 3155 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. J. Boor, N. Geyer, U. Gosele, V. Schmidt, Opt. Lett. 34, 1783 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. J.Q. Chen, W. Jiang, X.N. Chen, L. Wang, S.S. Zhang, R.T. Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 093102(1–3) (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  42. S.G. Park, S.M. Yang, Nanoscale 5, 4110 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. W.J. Xiong, Y. Xu, Y.J. Xiao, X.X. Lv, L.J. Wu, Photonics Nanostruct. (2014). doi:10.1016/j.photonics.2014.10.008

    Google Scholar 

  44. J. Xu, R. Ma, X. Wang, W.Y. Tam, Opt. Express 15, 4287 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  46. X.H. Sun, X.M. Tao, Y.Y. Wang, Appl. Phys. A 98, 255 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Y.K. Pang, J.C. Lee, C.T. Ho, W.Y. Tam, Opt. Express 14, 9113 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. W.Y. Tam, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 251111 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Y.C. Zhong, L.J. Wu, H.M. Su, K.S. Wong, H.Z. Wang, Opt. Express 14, 6837 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. P.V. Braun, S.A. Rhinne, F. Garcia-Santamaria, Adv. Mater. 18, 2665 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. M. Fujita, S. Takahashi, Y. Tanaka, T. Asano, S. Noda, Science 308, 1296 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. O. Painter, A. Husain, A. Scherer, P.T. Lee, I. Kim, J.D. O’Brien, P.D. Dapkus, IEEE Photon Technol. Lett. 12, 1126 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. P. Ferrand, M. Egen, R. Zentel, J. Seekamp, S.G. Romanov, C.M.S. Torres, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 5289 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. E. Vekris, V. Kitaev, G. Freymann, D.D. Perovic, J.S. Aitchison, G.A. Ozin, Adv. Mater. 17, 1269 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Q. Yan, Z. Zhou, X.S. Zhao, S.J. Chua, Adv. Mater. 17, 1917 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. S. Jeon, J. Park, R. Cirelli, S. Yang, C.E. Heitzman, P.V. Braun, P.J.A. Kenis, J.A. Rogers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 12428 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. G. Lee, S.H. Song, C. Oh, P. Kim, Opt. Lett. 29, 2539 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. T. Kondo, S. Juodkazis, V. Mizeikis, S. Matsuo, H. Misawa, New J. Phys. 8, 250 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Y. Lin, A. Harb, K. Lozano, D. Xu, K.P. Chen, Opt. Express 17, 16625 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. X.S. Xie, M. Li, J. Guo, B. Liang, Z.X. Wang, A. Sinistkii, Y. Xiang, J.Y. Zhou, Opt. Express 15, 7032 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. P.Q. Zhang, X.S. Xie, Y.F. Guan, J.Y. Zhou, K.S. Wong, L. Yan, Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 104, 113 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. J. Li, Y. Liu, X. Xie, P. Zhang, B. Liang, L. Yan, J. Zhou, G. Kurizki, D. Jacobs, K.S. Wong, Y. Zhong, Opt. Express 16, 12899 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. M. Mitchell, An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms (MIT Press, Cambridge, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  64. J. Luthenhaus, D. George, M. Moazzezi, U. Philipose, Y. Lin, Opt. Express 21, 26227 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. J. Xavier, J. Joseph, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 081104 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Y. Yang, Q.Z. Li, H.P. Wang, Opt. Express 16, 11275 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. J.H. Moon, J. Ford, S. Yang, Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 83 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. A. Campo, C. Greiner, J. Micromech. Microeng. 17, R81 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. A. Kinkhabwala, Z. Yu, S. Fan, Y. Avlasevich, K. Müllen, W.E. Moerner, Nat. Photonics 3, 654 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. X. Zhang, M. Theuring, Q. Song, W.D. Mao, M. Begliarbekov, S. Strauf, Nano Lett. 11, 2715 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. R.H. Horng, Y.L. Tsai, T.M. Wu, D.S. Wuu, C.H. Chao, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Eletron. 15, 1327 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Y.R. Do, Y.C. Kim, Y.W. Song, C.O. Cho, H. Jeon, Y.J. Lee, S.H. Kim, Y.H. Lee, Adv. Mater. 15, 1214 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. K.B. Choi, S.J. Shin, T.H. Park, H.J. Lee, J.H. Hwang, J.H. Park, B.Y. Hwang, Y.W. Park, B.K. Ju, Org. Electron 15, 111 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. L. Müller-Meskamp, Y.H. Kim, T. Roch, S. Hofmann, R. Scholz, S. Eckardt, K. Leo, A.F. Lasagni, Adv. Mater. 24, 906 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. M.M. Mróz, G. Sforazzini, Y. Zhong, K.S. Wong, H.L. Anderson, G. Lanzani, J. Cabanillas-Gonzalez, Adv. Mater. 25, 4347 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. N. Tétreault, G. Freymann, M. Deubel, M. Hermatschweiler, F. Pérez-Willard, S. John, M. Wegener, G.A. Ozin, Adv. Mater. 18, 457 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. V. Ramanan, E. Nelson, A. Brzezinski, P.V. Braun, P. Wiltzius, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 173304 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. D.J. Shir, E.C. Nelson, D. Chanda, A. Brzezinski, P.V. Braun, J.A. Rogers, J Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28, 783 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. S.G. Park, T.Y. Jeon, S.M. Yang, Langmuir 29, 9620 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. J.S. King, E. Graugnard, O.M. Roche, D.N. Sharp, J. Scrimgeour, R.G. Denning, A.J. Turberfield, C.J. Summers, Adv. Mater. 18, 1561 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Y. Xu, X. Zhu, Y. Dan, J.H. Moon, V.W. Chen, A.T. Johnson, J.W. Perry, S. Yang, Chem. Mater. 20, 1816 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. J.E.G.J. Wijnhoven, W.L. Vos, Science 218, 802 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. J.E.G.J. Wijnhoven, L. Bechger, W.L. Vos, Chem. Mater. 13, 4486 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. S.L. Kuai, V.V. Truong, J. Appl. Phys. 96, 5982 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. J. Bartels (ed.), Landolt-BoÈrnstein, Zahlenwerte, Funktionen, Optische Konstanten (Springer, Berlin, 1962)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Y.C. Zhong, Z.N. Yue, G.K.L. Wong, Y.Y. Xi, Y.F. Hsu, A.B. Djurišić, J.W. Dong, W.J. Chen, K.S. Wong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 191102 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. M. Miyake, Y.C. Chen, P.V. Braun, P. Wiltzius, Adv. Mater. 21, 3012 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. J.H. Kang, J.H. Moon et al., Adv. Mater. 20, 3061 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. R. Ma, J. Xun, W.Y. Tam, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 081116 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. J.H. Jang, S.J. Jhaveri, B. Rasin, C.Y. Koh, C.K. Ober, E.L. Thomas, Nano. Lett. 8, 1456 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. O. Akhavan, M. Abdolahad, R. Asadi, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 42, 135416 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School for Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China

    Lijun Wu

  2. Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P.R. China

    Yi Xu

  3. Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China

    Kam Sing Wong

Authors
  1. Lijun Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yi Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kam Sing Wong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Lijun Wu or Kam Sing Wong .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

    Davide Comoretto

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wu, L., Xu, Y., Wong, K.S. (2015). Fabrication of Photonic Crystals Using Holographic Lithography. In: Comoretto, D. (eds) Organic and Hybrid Photonic Crystals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16580-6_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation