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The Vienna Circle pp 59–194Cite as

The Public Phase of the Vienna Circle: From 1929 Until the “Anschluss”

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Part of the book series: Vienna Circle Institute Library ((VCIL,volume 4))

Abstract

The discussions of the Schlick circle most likely reached their zenith, in terms of intensity and number of participants, around 1930, the beginning of its public phase. It was also at this time that the first departures by Feigl (1930) and Carnap (1931) occurred, that Schlick (1931–32) and Menger (1930–31) spent time abroad, and that Menger started his Mathematical Colloquium, a discussion circle that competed to a certain extent with the Schlick circle, and that integrated Gödel into its periphery. Occurring long before 1934, the year of Neurath’s emigration and the death of Hahn, these events must count as the first signs of disintegration. At the same time, interest in Wittgenstein decreased (as it had since 1929) and the concern for public effectiveness (through the Ernst Mach Society and international conferences) increased. Both of the latter phenomena contributed to the diffusion of the intellectual centre that had become established in the Boltzmanngasse.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Questionaire Kurt Reidemeister, Materials Henk Mulder, Wiener-Kreis-Archiv Haarlem (WKA), Rijksarchief Noord Holland.

  2. 2.

    Correspondence Moritz Schlick, WKA, Nv. Nr. 123.

  3. 3.

    Reidemeister op. cit.

  4. 4.

    Carnap 1993, 32.

  5. 5.

    Cf. Chap. 5 and Menger 1994.

  6. 6.

    Diary Rudolf Carnap, Archives of Scientific Philosophy, Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh (ASP), as transcribed by Karl H. Müller.

  7. 7.

    Correspondence Otto Neurath-Rose Rand, WKA Haarlem (44 letters).

  8. 8.

    See Korotin 1991, 1992, and 1997. Other way stations after England were Israel and the U.S. (Princeton), where she died without ever having had the chance of academic employment. Her Nachlass is at the University of Pittsburgh, ASP. On the life and work of Rand: Iven 2004.

  9. 9.

    As far as possible, original ambiguities of anaphoric references have been retained. To avoid the intrusion of undue interpretations, the manuscript has also been strictly followed in its erratic use of quotation marks and in the differential employment of Satz (sentence), Aussage (statement) and Behauptung (assertion); in the case of Sinn (sense) and Bedeutung (reference), the anodyne “meaning” seemed preferable with indications of the original. Except in a small number of cases, editorial clarifications of dark passages and odd terms have not been attempted. The use of titles in the identification of contributors, varying even for the same person across different protocols, has been streamlined by dropping them entirely. Underlining for stress has been replaced by italics; very occasional abbreviations in the Circle protocols have been completed without express notification, unlike the frequent ones in Rand’s summaries of individual positions. Some paragraph ordering has been introduced for ease of reading. Trans.

  10. 10.

    This sentence is corrupted; the ellipsis indicates a missing predicate. Trans.

  11. 11.

    “Multiplicity” (Multiplizität) is an expression that refers to the number of features that a mode or vehicle of description must be able to distinguish in order to be able to describe its object. Compare the conversation with Wittgenstein, 2 January 1930, and section 3 of Waismann’s “Theses,” in McGuinness, ed., 1967, 75 and 240 of Engl. transl. respectively. Trans.

  12. 12.

    The page reference is to the manuscript of Waismann’s “Theses”; compare p. 235 of the Engl. transl. in McGuinness, ed., 1967. Trans.

  13. 13.

    The page reference is to the manuscript of Waismann’s “Theses”; compare p. 233 of the Engl. transl. in McGuinness, ed., 1967. Trans.

  14. 14.

    Here the McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed broadly, with additions suggested by Rand’s protocol (compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. p. 238). To be noted especially is that Rand’s protocol reads “Worte” instead of “Werte,” an apparent misprint. (As it happens, Carnap’s copy of the typescript of Waismann’s “Theses” shows the relevant letter e to be badly printed and easily mistakable for the letter o.) Trans.

  15. 15.

    The McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed here (compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. p. 238). Trans.

  16. 16.

    Again the McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed broadly, albeit with the omission suggested by Rand’s protocol (compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. p. 239). Trans.

  17. 17.

    Again the McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed (compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. p. 239). On Waismann’s reasoning compare his contribution to the conversation with Wittgenstein and Schlick, 2 January 1930 (see ibid., p. 79 of the Engl. translation). Trans.

  18. 18.

    Compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, p. 239. Trans.

  19. 19.

    The McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed here (compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. p. 240). Trans.

  20. 20.

    Again the McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed broadly; Rand’s protocol deletes an emphasis (compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. p. 240). Trans.

  21. 21.

    Again the McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed broadly; the emphasis is added in Rand’s protocol (compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. p. 242). Trans.

  22. 22.

    The McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed. The ellipsis of Rand’s protocol replaces: “It does not say that the objects referred to by ‘a’ and ‘b’ stand in the mutual relation of identity; it deals with those signs themselves.” (Compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. 242–3) Trans.

  23. 23.

    The McGuinness and Schulte translation of Waismann’s ms. is followed (compare McGuinness, ed., 1967, Engl. transl. p. 243). Trans.

  24. 24.

    The terminology has been rendered so as to agree with that of Carnap’s Logical Syntax of Language (compare Engl. transl. §6). Trans.

  25. 25.

    The terminology has been rendered so as to agree with that of Carnap’s Logical Syntax of Language (compare Engl. transl. §§10-11). Trans.

  26. 26.

    The terminology has been rendered so as to agree with that of Carnap’s Logical Syntax of Language (compare Engl. transl. §19). Trans.

  27. 27.

    The proper English title is “The Unity of Science” (1934). Trans.

  28. 28.

    The proper title is “On Protocol Sentences.” Trans.

  29. 29.

    “Semantics” was another early name for Carnap’s logical syntax project. Carnap’s Introduction to Semantics (1942) is not meant here. Trans.

  30. 30.

    See the first note for the protocol of 7-5-1931; the same replacement of “Wert” and “Wort” applies and is corrected here. Trans.

  31. 31.

    Compare the beginning of the summary of Carnap’s position. Trans.

  32. 32.

    This sentence is corrupted: the second verb is missing. Trans.

  33. 33.

    Compare the beginning of the summary of Neurath’s position. Trans.

  34. 34.

    See the first note to the protocol of 7 May 1931; the text has been amended accordingly. Trans.

  35. 35.

    See previous note. Trans.

  36. 36.

    See second-to-previous note. Trans.

  37. 37.

    For a detailed description of the Ernst Mach Society see Stadler 1982b, part 2. Unless stated otherwise, all the following unpublished documents have been taken from the relevant materials on the Verein Ernst Mach, the Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv (WStLA, Archives of the City and Province of Vienna) and from the archives of the Vereinsbüro (the office in charge of associations, clubs and societies) of the Bundespolizeidirektion Wien (Federal Police Directorate of Vienna) (VB, BPDion).

  38. 38.

    Statutes of the Verein Ernst Mach, ibid.

  39. 39.

    Letter from Carl Kundermann to Polizeikommissariat Wien (Vienna police authority), dated June 3, 1927. VB, BPDion.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., January 4, 1928.

  41. 41.

    Frank to Schlick, September 21, 1928 (WKA Haarlem).

  42. 42.

    Cf. “Wissenschaft und Theologie” (Science and Theology), in: Freier Gedanke 4 (1920); “Theologische Elemente in den exakten Wissenschaften” (Theological Elements in the Exact Sciences), in Prager Tagblatt.

  43. 43.

    Cf. Chap. 9. For an overview of adult education in Vienna see Kutalek and Fellinger 1969; Knittler and -Lux (eds.) 1987; Filla 1991; Stifter 2005; Filla 2014.

  44. 44.

    Kundermann to Magistrat (municipal office), December 5, 1928 (WStLA).

  45. 45.

    Schlick to Ministry of Education, February 29, 1936; General Administrative Archives of the Republic of Austria (AVA, Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv), BfU, 46 Philos. 1936, 7894.

  46. 46.

    According to a reconstruction based on the diaries of Rudolf Carnap.

  47. 47.

    Verein Ernst Mach, WStLA, loc. cit.

  48. 48.

    Detailed documentation of the meeting is provided in Erkenntnis 1 (1930–31): 93–339.

  49. 49.

    Cf. Wingler 1975, 170; and the relevant correspondence of Carnap, Feigl, Neurath, and Schlick (WKA Haarlem); Galison 1990; Dahms 2004.

  50. 50.

    Information received from Paul Neurath (Vienna/New York) and entries in Carnap’s diary.

  51. 51.

    Correspondence of Schlick 1934 (WKA Haarlem).

  52. 52.

    Conversation with Eduard März (Vienna) and Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (Vienna).

  53. 53.

    Vienna Vereinsarchiv, October 20, 1933 (BPDion Vienna).

  54. 54.

    Ibid., Zl. 1152/34.

  55. 55.

    Schlick to Hofrat Ganz, March 2, 1934 (ibid. and WStLA).

  56. 56.

    Schlick’s correspondence and Schlick 1952.

  57. 57.

    Diary of Carnap, loc. cit.

  58. 58.

    Neurath to Carnap, July 18, 1934 (WKA Haarlem).

  59. 59.

    The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle, 1929, in Neurath 1973, 318; Stadler/Uebel 2002.

  60. 60.

    Cf. the minutes “Bericht über die Besprechungen am 21. and 22. Nov. 1933 in Paris,” Vienna, Nov. 28, 1933. Otto Neurath, Materialien Internationale Konferenzen (WKA Haarlem).

  61. 61.

    L.S. Stebling, “Notes on an Informal Conference on Logical Positivism, held at Belsize Park London, 5-6th January, 1935” (ibid.).

  62. 62.

    Cf. Stadler 1982a, in same (Hg.) 1982, 10 ff.

  63. 63.

    Cf. the relevant overview of the program of this first congress with references.

  64. 64.

    Cf. Ph. Frank, “Obituary of Moritz Schlick,” in Erkenntnis 6 (1936): 291 f.: “When the news arrived that Moritz Schlick had been murdered everyone at the congress was deeply shocked. In a brief statement Philipp Frank commemorated … Schlick’s importance for the rise of the Vienna Circle and his influence within logical empiricism. The congress sent a telegram to Schlick’s widow, expressing its ‘sense of an irreparable loss in the death of a beloved leader.’ Schlick’s paper was read from the manuscript. In warm words Niels expressed his deep appreciation for these reflections.

  65. 65.

    Philipp Frank specifically dealt with this problem in his post-World War II works. On the position of Bohr in the context between Höffding, Mach and the Vienna Circle see Faye 1991.

  66. 66.

    Interview with Karl R. Popper, September 1991 (cf. Sect. 7.5.).

  67. 67.

    Cf. a reference in Næss 1993, 21.

  68. 68.

    Cf. the content of the first and last two volumes in section II, chapter 11. The following authors scheduled for contributions do not appear in the publication: Manuel J. Andrade (linguistics), Arne Næss (psychology), Louis Wirth (sociology of science), Federigo Enriques (history of science), Jan Lukasiewicz (history of logic), Louis Rougier (rationalism/empiricism).

  69. 69.

    Cf. the corresponding overview of the program on this subject in this chapter.

  70. 70.

    Correspondence Carnap-Neurath 1934–45 (WKA/VCF Haarlem). Also see the report of Hegselmann 1985.

  71. 71.

    Cf. section II, chapter 11.4.

  72. 72.

    The contributions of Heinrich Gomperz, Julius Kraft, Kurt Lewin and Karl Korsch, Hans Reichenbach, Alonzo Church, Jørgen Jørgensen, Kurt Goldstein, Hans Kelsen, Otto Neurath and F.S.C. Northrop were printed in the last volume of the reprint of Erkenntnis (8:386–437). Some of the unpublished contributions (Carnap, Frank, Morris, Zilsel) were published in Stadler (ed.) 1993.

  73. 73.

    Estate of Neurath, International Congresses (WKA, Haarlem).

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    Friedrich Stadler

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Stadler, F. (2015). The Public Phase of the Vienna Circle: From 1929 Until the “Anschluss”. In: The Vienna Circle. Vienna Circle Institute Library, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16561-5_4

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