Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Musculoskeletal, Integument

  • Chapter
Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer

Part of the book series: Pediatric Oncology ((PEDIATRICO))

  • 807 Accesses

Abstract

Multimodal therapy for childhood cancer commonly results in late effects affecting the musculoskeletal system. While the growth deficits of radiation are well known, it is important to realize that surgery and sometimes chemotherapy also affect the developing musculoskeletal system. In general, the treatment of sarcomas leads to the most severe late effects because the underlying malignancy originates in a muscle or bone and often an extremity. Despite the advances in modern surgery, the removal of a muscle or bone has permanent consequences that completely alter a child’s life. Likewise, irradiation of developing bone and muscle yields permanent effects. Usually, the younger the child, the more severe are the late effects of therapy. It is important to understand the causes of and the rehabilitation for limb length discrepancies, amputation, scoliosis, and other complications of therapy. Therapy is often more successful if the consequences are properly anticipated and prevented, rather than waiting for deficits to develop.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures (2007) American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2007PWSecured.pdf

  2. Aboulafia AJ, Wilkerson J (2012) Lower-limb preservation with an expandable endoprosthesis after tumor resection in children: is the cup half full or half empty? Commentary on an article by Eric R. Henderson, MD, et al.: “Outcome of lower-limb preservation with an expandable endoprosthesis after bone tumor resection in children”. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(6):e39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ackman JD, Rouse L, Johnston CE II (1988) Radiation induced physeal injury. Orthopaedics 11:343–349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Alektiar KM, Zelefsky MJ, Brennan MF (2000) Morbidity of adjuvant brachytherapy in soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity and superficial trunk. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47(5):1273–1279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Anderson M, Green W, Messner MB (1963) Growth and predictions of growth in the lower extremities. J Bone Joint Surg 45:1–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bajorunas DR et al (1980) Endocrine sequelae of antineoplastic therapy in childhood head and neck malignancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50:329–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bar-On E et al (1993) Effects of chemotherapy on human growth plate. J Pediatr Orthop 13:220–224

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Barnett GC, Hoole AC, Twyman N, Jefferies SJ, Burnet NG (2005) Post-operative radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma of the anterior compartment of the thigh: should the sartorius muscle be included? Sarcoma 9(1–2):1–6

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barrett I (1985) Slipped capitol femoral epiphysis following radiotherapy. J Pediatr Orthop 5:268–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Baumgart R, Lenze U (2009) Expandable endoprostheses in malignant bone tumors in children: indications and limitations. Recent Results Cancer Res 179:59–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bolek T et al (1996) Local control and functional results after twice-daily radiotherapy for Ewing’s sarcoma of the extremities. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35:687–692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Butler MS et al (1990) Skeletal sequelae of radiation therapy for malignant childhood tumors. Clin Orthop 251:235–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Christodoulou C, Pervena A et al (2009) Combination of bisphosphonates and antiangiogenic factors induces osteonecrosis of the jaw more frequently than bisphosphonates alone. Oncology 76(3):209–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Clayton P et al (1988) Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 1:460–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cohen I et al (1973) Cutaneous toxicity of bleomycin therapy. Arch Dermatol 107:553–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cohen SR, Bartlett SP, Whitaker LA (1990) Reconstruction of late craniofacial deformities after irradiation of the head and face during childhood. Plast Reconstr Surg 86(2):229–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. D’Angio G (1988) Cure is not enough: late consequences associated with radiation treatment. J Assoc Pediatr Oncol Nurses 5:20–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Daw NC, Mahmoud HH, Meyer WH, Jenkins JJ, Kaste SC, Poquette CA, Kun LE, Pratt CB, Rao BN (2000) Bone sarcomas of the head and neck in children: the St Jude children’s research hospital experience. Cancer 88(9):2172–2180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dawson WB (1968) Growth impairment following radiotherapy in childhood. Clin Radiol 19(3):241–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. De Bernardi B, Pianca C, Pistamiglio P, Veneselli E, Viscardi E, Pession A, Alvisi P, Carli M, Donfrancesco A, Casale F, Giuliano MG, di Montezemolo LC, Di Cataldo A, Lo Curto M, Bagnulo S, Schumacher RF, Tamburini A, Garaventa A, Clemente L, Bruzzi P (2001) Neuroblastoma with symptomatic spinal cord compression at diagnosis: treatment and results with 76 cases. J Clin Oncol 19(1):183–190

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. de Jonge T, Slullitel H, Dubousset J, Miladi L, Wicart P, Illes T (2005) Late-onset spinal deformities in children treated by laminectomy and radiation therapy for malignant tumours. Eur Spine J 14(8):765–771

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Delanian S, Balla-Medias S, Lefaix JL (1999) Striking regression of chronic radiotherapy damage in a clinical trial of pentoxifylline and tocopherol. J Clin Oncol 17:3283–3290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. DeSpain J (1992) Dermatologic toxicity of chemotherapy. Semin Oncol 19:501–507

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Donaldson S (1992) Effects of irradiation on skeletal growth and development. Wiley-Liss, New York

    Google Scholar 

  25. Drescher W, Schneider T, Becker C, Hobolth J (2001) Selective reduction of bone blood flow by short-term treatment with high-dose methylprednisolone. An experimental study in pigs. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83:274–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Eckardt JJ, Kabo JM, Kelley CM, Ward WG Sr, Asavamongkolkul A, Wirganowicz PZ, Yang RS, Eilber FR (2000) Expandable endoprosthesis reconstruction in skeletally immature patients with tumors. Clin Orthop Relat Res 373:51–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Etcubanas E, Wilbur J (1974) Uncommon side effects of adriamycin (letter). Cancer Chemother Rep 58:757–758

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fajardo L (1982) Pathology of radiation injury. Masson, New York

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fan C, Cool JC et al (2009) Damaging effects of chronic low-dose methotrexate usage on primary bone formation in young rats and potential protective effects of folinic acid supplementary treatment. Bone 44(1):61–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fangusaro J, Gururangan S et al (2013) Bevacizumab-associated osteonecrosis of the wrist and knee in three pediatric patients with recurrent CNS tumors. J Clin Oncol 31(2):e24–e27

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fletcher DT, Warner WC, Neel MD, Merchant TE (2004) Valgus and varus deformity after wide-local excision, brachytherapy and external beam irradiation in two children with lower extremity synovial cell sarcoma: case report. BMC Cancer 4:57

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Forni C, Gaudenzi N, Zoli M, Manfrini M, Benedetti MG, Pignotti E, Chiari P (2012) Living with rotationplasty – quality of life in rotationplasty patients from childhood to adulthood. J Surg Oncol 105(4):331–336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fragu P et al (1991) Long-term effects in skin and thyroid after radiotherapy for skin angiomas: a French Retrospective Cohort study. Eur J Cancer 27:1215–1222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fuchs B, Kotajarvi BR, Kaufman KR, Sim FH (2003) Functional outcome of patients with rotationplasty about the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 415:52–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Goldwein JW, Meadows AT (1993) Influence of radiation on growth in pediatric patients. Clin Plast Surg 20(3):455–464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gonzalez DG, Breur K (1983) Clinical data from irradiated growing long bones in children. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9(6):841–846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Guerin S et al (2003) Radiation dose as a risk factor for malignant melanoma following childhood cancer. Eur J Cancer 39:2379–2386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Helmstedter C et al (2001) Pathologic fractures after surgery and radiation for soft tissue tumors. Clin Orthop 389:165–172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Henderson ER, Pepper AM, Marulanda G, Binitie OT, Cheong D, Letson GD (2012) Outcome of lower-limb preservation with an expandable endoprosthesis after bone tumor resection in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(6):537–547

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hobbie WL, Mostoufi SM et al (2011) Prevalence of advanced bone age in a cohort of patients who received cis-retinoic acid for high-risk neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 56(3):474–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hogeboom C et al (2001) Stature loss following treatment for Wilms’ tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol 36:295–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hoover M, Bowman LC, Crawford SE, Stack C, Donaldson JS, Grayhack JJ, Tomita T, Cohn SL (1999) Long-term outcome of patients with intraspinal neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 32(5):353–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hopewell J (2003) Radiation therapy effects on bone density. Med Pediatr Oncol 41:208–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hopyan S, Tan JW, Graham HK, Torode IP (2006) Function and upright time following limb salvage, amputation, and rotationplasty for pediatric sarcoma of bone. J Pediatr Orthop 26(3):405–408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hua C, Shukla HI, Merchant TE, Krasin MJ (2007) Estimating differences in volumetric flat bone growth in pediatric patients by radiation treatment method. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(2):552–558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hughes BR, Cunliffe W, Bailey CC (1989) Excess benign melanocytic naevi after chemotherapy for malignancy in childhood. Br Med J 299:88–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Jacobs J, Monell C (1979) Treatment of radiation-induced alopecia. Head Neck Surg 2:154–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Katzenstein HM, Kent PM et al (2001) Treatment and outcome of 83 children with intraspinal neuroblastoma: the Pediatric Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol 19(4):1047–1055

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Katzman H, Waugh T, Berdon W (1969) Skeletal changes following irradiation of childhood tumors. J Bone Joint Surg Am 51-A:825–842

    Google Scholar 

  50. Keus RB, Rutgers EJ, Ho GH, Gortzak E, Albus-Lutter CE, Hart AA (1994) Limb-sparing therapy of extremity soft tissue sarcomas: treatment outcome and long-term functional results. Eur J Cancer 30A(10):1459–1463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. King J, Stowe S (1982) Results of spinal fusion for radiation scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 7(6):574–585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Liang L, Dongping H, Weimin L (2003) Celecoxib reduces skin damage after radiation: selective reduction of chemokine and receptor mRNA expression in irradiated skin but not in irradiated mammary tumor. Am J Clin Oncol 26:S114–S121

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Libshitz HI, Edeiken BS (1981) Radiotherapy changes of the pediatric hip. AJR Am J Roentgenol 137(3):585–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lin PP, Boland P, Healey JH (1998) Treatment of femoral fractures after irradiation. Clin Orthop 352:168–178

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Macklis RM, Oltikar A, Sallan SE (1991) Wilms’ tumor patients with pulmonary metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21:1187–1193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Malasonos L et al (1981) Musculoskeletal assessment. Mosby, St Louis

    Google Scholar 

  57. Marcus RB Jr, Cantor A, Heare TC, Graham-Pole J, Mendenhall NP, Million RR (1991) Local control and function after twice-a-day radiotherapy for Ewing’s sarcoma of bone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21(6):1509–1515

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Marx RE (2003) Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61(9):1115–1117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Mattano LA Jr, Sather HN et al (2000) Osteonecrosis as a complication of treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 18(18):3262–3272

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mayfield JK, Erkkila JC, Winter RB (1981) Spine deformity subsequent to acquired childhood spinal cord injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 63(9):1401–1411

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Meadows A (1988) The concept of care for life. J Assoc Pediatr Oncol Nurses 5:7–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Meadows AT, Silber J (1985) Delayed consequences of therapy for childhood cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 35(5):271–286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Meister B, Gassner I et al (1994) Methotrexate osteopathy in infants with tumors of the central nervous system. Med Pediatr Oncol 23(6):493–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Moore K (1988) Essentials of human embryology. Decker, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  65. Mosely C (1990) Leg-length discrepancy. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  66. Nesbit M, Krivit W et al (1976) Acute and chronic effects of methotrexate on hepatic, pulmonary, and skeletal systems. Cancer 37(2 Suppl):1048–1057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Neuhauser E et al (1952) Irradiation effects of roentgen therapy on the growing spine. Radiology 59:637–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nixon D et al (1981) Dermatologic changes after systemic cancer therapy. Cutis 27:181–194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Novotny M (1986) Body image changes in amputee children: how nursing theory can make the difference. J Assoc Pediatr Oncol Nurses 3:8–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. O’Regan S, Melhorn DK et al (1973) Methotrexate-induced bone pain in childhood leukemia. Am J Dis Child 126(4):489–490

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ozyar E, Cengiz M, Gurkaynak M, Atahan IL (2005) Trismus as a presenting symptom in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 77(1):73–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Pateder D et al (2001) The role of autocrine growth factors in radiation damage to the epiphyseal growth plate. Radiat Res 155:847–857

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pateder D et al (2002) Role of pentoxifylline in preventing radiation damage to epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes. Radiat Res 157:62–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Paulino AC (2004) Late effects of radiotherapy for pediatric extremity sarcomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60(1):265–274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Paulino AC, Mayr NA, Simon JH, Buatti JM (2002) Locoregional control in infants with neuroblastoma: role of radiation therapy and late toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52(4):1025–1031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Paulino AC, Simon JH, Zhen W, Wen BC (2000) Long-term effects in children treated with radiotherapy for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(5):1489–1495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Paulino A et al (2000) Late effects in children treated with radiation therapy for Wilms’ tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46:1239–1246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Pinkel D (1971) Five-year follow-up of “total therapy” of childhood lymphocytic leukemia. JAMA 216:648–652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Probert J, Parker BR (1975) The effects of radiation therapy on bone growth. Radiology 114:155–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Raney RB, Anderson JR, Kollath J, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Heyn R, Glicksman AS, Wharam M, Crist WM, Maurer HM (2000) Late effects of therapy in 94 patients with localized rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit: report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-III, 1984–1991. Med Pediatr Oncol 34(6):413–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Raney RB, Asmar L, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Donaldson SS, Green J, Heyn R, Wharam M, Glicksman AS, Gehan EA, Anderson J, Maurer HM (1999) Late complications of therapy in 213 children with localized, nonorbital soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck: a descriptive report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies (IRS)-II and – III. IRS Group of the Children’s Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group. Med Pediatr Oncol 33(4):362–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rate WR, Butler MS, Robertson WW Jr, D’Angio GJ (1991) Late orthopedic effects in children with Wilms’ tumor treated with abdominal irradiation. Med Pediatr Oncol 19(4):265–268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Riseborough E et al (1976) Skeletal alterations following irradiation for Wilms’ tumor. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58A:526–536

    Google Scholar 

  84. Robertson W et al (1991) Leg length discrepancy following irradiation of childhood tumors. J Pediatr Orthop 11:284–287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Robson H, Anderson E, Eden OB, Isaksson O, Shalet S (1998) Chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of childhood malignancies have direct effects on growth plate chondrocyte proliferation. J Endocrinol 157:225–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Ron E et al (1991) Radiation-induced skin carcinomas of the head and neck. Radiat Res 125:318–325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Rosati P, Bergarno A (1999) Allogenic hair transplant in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Dermatol Surg 25:664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Rowin J, Cheng G, Lewis SL, Meriggioli MN (2006) Late appearance of dropped head syndrome after radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Muscle Nerve 34(5):666–669

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rubin P (1964) Dynamic classification of bone dysplasia. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  90. Rubin P et al (1959) Radiation induced dysplasias of bone. Am J Roentgenol 82:206–216

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Rutherford H, Dodd GD (1974) Complications of radiation therapy: growing bone. Semin Roentgenol 9:15–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Sadler T (1990) Langman’s medical embryology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  93. Salter R (1983) Textbook of disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  94. Schriock E et al (1991) Abnormal growth patterns and adult short stature in 115 long-term survivors of childhood leukemia. J Clin Oncol 9:400–405

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Seipp C (2001) Adverse effects of treatment: hair loss. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  96. Shah P, Rao KRP, Patel AR (1978) Cyclophosphamide induced nail pigmentation. Br J Dermatol 98:675–680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Silber J, Littman PS, Meadows AT (1990) Stature loss following skeletal irradiation for childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 8:304–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Smith AR, Hennessy JM et al (2008) Reversible skeletal changes after treatment with bevacizumab in a child with cutaneovisceral angiomatosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 51(3):418–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Springeld D, Pagliarulo PAC (1985) Fractures of long bones previously treated for Ewing’s sarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67A:477–481

    Google Scholar 

  100. Sulaiman F, Huryn JM et al (2003) Dental extractions in the irradiated head and neck patient: a retrospective analysis of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center protocols, criteria, and end results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61(10):1123–1131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Swerdlow A et al (1986) Benign melanocytic naevi as a risk factor for malignant melanoma. Br Med J 292:1555–1559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Tabone MD, Rodary C, Oberlin O, Gentet JC, Pacquement H, Kalifa C (2005) Quality of life of patients treated during childhood for a bone tumor: assessment by the child health questionnaire. Pediatr Blood Cancer 45(2):207–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Truica C, Frankel SR (2002) Acute rhabdomyolysis as a complication of cytarabine chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Hematol 70:320–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Van Leeuwen B et al (2003) Chemotherapy decreases epiphyseal strength and increases bone fracture risk. Clin Orthop 413:243–254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Vissink A, Jansma J et al (2003) Oral sequelae of head and neck radiotherapy. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 14(3):199–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Vowels M et al (1993) Factors affecting hair regrowth after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 23:347–350

    Google Scholar 

  107. Wagner L et al (2001) Fractures in pediatric Ewing’s sarcoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 23:568–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Walker S et al (1981) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis following radiation and chemotherapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 159:186–193

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Walter J (1980) Cobalt radiation-induced comedones. Arch Dermatol 116:1073–1074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Whyte MP, Wenkert D et al (2003) Bisphosphonate-induced osteopetrosis. N Engl J Med 349(5):457–463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Winter R (1990) Spinal problems in pediatric orthopaedics. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  112. Wolf E et al (1977) Slipped femoral capital epiphysis as a sequela to childhood irradiation for malignant tumors. Radiology 125:781–784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Woo SB, Hellstein JW et al (2006) Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med 144(10):753–761

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Zeman W, Solomon M (1971) Effects of radiation on striated muscle. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Radiation Oncology, Nemours Childrens Hospital/Sacred Heart Cancer Center, Pensacola, USA

    Robert B. Marcus Jr.

  2. Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA

    Natia Esiashvili

Authors
  1. Robert B. Marcus Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Natia Esiashvili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert B. Marcus Jr. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Cindy L. Schwartz

  2. Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Wendy L. Hobbie

  3. Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, James P. Wilmot Cancer Ctr, Rochester, New York, USA

    Louis S. Constine

  4. Center for Cancer And Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Kathleen S. Ruccione

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marcus, R.B., Esiashvili, N. (2015). Musculoskeletal, Integument. In: Schwartz, C., Hobbie, W., Constine, L., Ruccione, K. (eds) Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer. Pediatric Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16435-9_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16435-9_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16434-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16435-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation