Skip to main content

Abstract

Urine cytology is highly sensitive in detecting high-grade tumours. Its sensitivity is as high as 90 % in the presence of CIS; however, it is low in lower-grade tumours [1]. It should be requested in cases of irritable bladder syndrome after excluding urinary tract infection and stones. To date, there is no urinary marker validated for bladder tumour detection in routine practice despite extensive research on hyaluronic acid, telomerase, BCLA-4, BTA TRAK test, bladder tumour antigen STAT test, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), ImmunoCyt test, nuclear matrix protein (NMP)22, etc. [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lokeshwar VB, Habuchi T, Grossman HB, Murphy WM, Hautmann SH, Hemstreet GP, et al. Bladder tumour markers beyond cytology: international consensus panel on bladder tumour markers. Urology. 2005;66:35–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mowatt G, Zhu S, Kilonzo M, Boachie C, Fraser C, Griffiths TR, et al. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of photodynamic diagnosis and urine biomarkers (FISH, ImmunoCyt, NMP22) and cytology for the detection and follow-up of bladder cancer. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14:1–331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pfister C, Roupret M, Wallerand H, et al. Recommandations en Onco-Urologie 2010: tumeurs urothéliales. Prog Urol. 2010;20:S255–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mariappan P, Zachou A, Grigor KM. Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimen is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience. Eur Urol. 2010;57:843–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kausch I, Sommerauer M, Montorsi F, Stenzl A, Jacqmin D, Jichlinski P, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of prospective studies. Eur Urol. 2010;57:595–606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Witjes JA, Redorta JP, Jacqmin D, Sofras F, Malmstrom PU, Riedl C, et al. Hexamino levulinate-guided fluorescence cystoscopy in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: review of the evidence and recommendations. Eur Urol. 2010;57:607–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Younes M, Sussman J, True LD. The usefulness of the level of the muscularis mucosae in the staging of invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer. 1990;66:543.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee JY, Joo HJ, Cho DS, Kim SI, Ahn HS, Kim SJ. Prognostic significance of substaging according to the depth of lamina propria invasion in primary T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Korean J Urol. 2012;53(5):317–23.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gorin MA, Ayyathurai R, Soloway MMS. Transurethral management of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. AUA Update Series. 2011; Lesson 23: 30. p. 10. http://www.auanet.org/content/cme/references/updateseries/updateseries1123.pdf#

  10. Cho KS, Seo HK, Joung JY, Park WS, Ro JY, Han KS, Chung J, Lee KH. Lymphovascular invasion in transurethral resection specimens as predictor of progression and metastasis in patients with newly diagnosed T1 bladder urothelial cancer. J Urol. 2009;182(6):2625–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Streeper NM, Simons CM, Konety BR, Muirhead DM, Williams RD, O’Donnell MA, et al. The significance of lymphovascular invasion in transurethral resection of bladder tumour and cystectomy specimens on the survival of patients with urothelial bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2009;103:475–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Witjes JA, Compérat E, Cowan NC et al. Guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. ©European Association of Urology. Limited update. 2014, page 17. http://www.24hmb.com/voimages/web_image/upload/file/20140626/78131403773860416.pdf#

  13. Choi W, Porten S, Kim S, et al. Identification of distinct basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with different sensitivities to frontline chemotherapy. Cancer Cell. 2014;25(2):152–65.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sjödahl G, Lövgren K, Lauss M, et al. Toward a molecular pathologic classification of urothelial carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 2013;183(3):681–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Tomlinson DC, Baldo O, Harnden P, et al. FGFR3 protein expression and its relationship to mutation status and prognostic variables in bladder cancer. J Pathol. 2007;213(1):91–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gust M, McConkey DJ, Awrey S, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is a rational therapeutic target in bladder cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2013;12(7):1245–54.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Urinary bladder. In: Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG., Greene FL, Trotti A, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 497–505.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Irani J, Bernardini S, Bonnal JL, et al. Tumeurs urothéliales : recommandations du Comité de cancérologie de l’Association française d’urologie. Prog Urol. 2004;14:959–96.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Babjuk M, Burger M, Zigeuner R et al. EAU Guidelines on Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Update 2013. Eur Urol. 2013;64:639–53.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Bouffioux C, Denis L, Newling DW, Kurth K. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol. 2006;49(3):466–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pfister C, Rouprêt M, Neuzillet Y, et al. Les membres du CCAFU. Recommendations en Onco-Uologie 2013 du CCAFU: Tumeurs de la vessie. Prog Urol, 2013;23(suppl. 2):S105–S125.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Millan-Rodríguez F, Chéchile-Toniolo G, Salvador-Bayarri J, Huguet-Pérez J, Vicente-Rodríguez J. Upper urinary tract tumours after primary superficial bladder tumours: prognostic factors and risk groups. J Urol. 2000;164:1183–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Said Abdallah Al-Mamari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Al-Mamari, S.A., Al-Busaidy, S.S. (2015). Investigations. In: Al-Mamari, S., Al-Busaidy, S. (eds) Urological Cancer Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16301-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16301-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16300-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16301-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics