Abstract
RCC comprises of a heterogeneous group of tumours with diverse pathological molecular and genetic patterns and variable clinical outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO 2004) has classified RCCs based primarily on morphology and genetic and molecular features but has also taken into account previous classifications, particularly the Mainz and Heidelberg classifications. The WHO 2004 classification includes ten subtypes (Table 13.1) [1], and nearly each RCC type occurs in the sporadic and in the hereditary form.
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Notes
- 1.
The genes activated in hypoxic conditions include:
VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor): promotes angiogenesis
PDGF-β (platelet-derived growth factor): promotes angiogenesis
TGF-α (transforming growth factor): for cell growth and survival
Glut-1: for anaerobic metabolism
CA IX: for acid-base balance
Erythropoietin (EPO): for red cell production
- 2.
Rapamycin is the other name of the drug sirolimus.
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Kurukkal, S.N., Al-Busaidy, S.S. (2015). Pathology, Genetic Profile and Hereditary Syndromes. In: Al-Mamari, S., Al-Busaidy, S. (eds) Urological Cancer Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16301-7_13
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