Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of Wind Potential in Kalar Kahar Region by Comparing On-Site Data with NREL Wind Resource Map of Pakistan

  • Chapter
Book cover Policies and Programs for Sustainable Energy Innovations

Part of the book series: Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management ((ITKM))

Abstract

This chapter assesses the value of the wind resources in the Punjab area, Pakistan. Pakistan is an energy-deficient country having enormous potential of electricity generation from wind energy. Government of Pakistan (GoP) has taken firm measures to initiate wind power projects in Pakistan. A satellite mapping conducted by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL), USA estimated a gross potential of 132 GW that can be exploited to generate wind energy all across the country. The most promising wind corridor of Gharo‐Keti Bandar in southern coastal region offers a potential of 50 GW. The wind resource map developed by NREL also highlights wind potential in the upper Punjab and Balochistan. However, these regions are still not investigated and explored for wind potential due to unavailability of bankable wind data. Lack of credible wind resource data is considered the major reason towards underutilization of wind energy.

This chapter presents an investigation to validate the potential wind resources in the Punjab province. A wind strip is marked in the NREL map in the Punjab which shows good wind regime in the areas of the upper Punjab. To validate and verify the NREL assessment, a suitable site in the Kalar Kahar region of the Punjab province was selected and an IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standard wind measuring mast was installed. Wind data was gathered for a period of 2 years and has been analyzed using Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) software. This script presents the information about the site, mast installed, wind data received, and treatment of wind data as per international practices. The results of wind resource assessment were compared with the results shown in the NREL map and percentage difference is calculated. On the basis of comparison, conclusions and recommendations are derived for future deployment of wind energy projects in the Punjab region.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. GoP, Official website Government of Pakistan. www.pakistan.gov.pk. (2011, September 13)

  2. U.K. Mirza, N. Ahmad, K. Harijan, T. Majeed, Identifying and addressing barriers to renewable energy development in Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13, 927–931 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. CIA, The World Factbook. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Public Affairs (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  4. To identify the wind potential areas. Pakistan Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan. http://www.met.gov.pk/Projects/Wind_Project.html. (2012, December 24, 2012)

  5. G. Weynand, Energy sector assessment for USAID/Pakistan. United States Agency for International Development http://www.usaid.gov/pk/downloads/eg/PEDP.pdf. (2007, December 14, 2011)

  6. GoP. Pakistan Energy Year Book, Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Islamabad, Pakistan (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  7. M.A. Sheikh, Energy and renewable energy scenario of Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14, 354–363 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. C. Trimble, N. Yoshida, M. Saqib, Rethinking electricity tariffs and subsidies in Pakistan. The World Bank Report Number: 62971-PK. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/08/31/000386194_20110831050158/Rendered/PDF/629710ESW0whit0020110Final00PUBLIC0.pdf. (2011, March 14, 2012)

  9. M. Asif, Sustainable energy options for Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13, 903–909 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. AEDB, Alternate Energy Development Board, Government of Pakistan. http://www.aedb.org/. (March 18, 2010)

  11. IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, International Energy Agency. http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key_stats_2009.pdf. (2009, May 25, 2011)

  12. EIA, International Energy Outlook 2011, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. www.eia.gov/ieo/pdf/0484(2011).pdf. (2011, March 30, 2011)

  13. M. Jefferson, Sustainable energy development: performance and prospects. Renew Energy 31, 571–582 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. M. Amer, T.U. Daim, Application of technology roadmaps for renewable energy sector. Technol Forecast Soc Change 77, 1355–1370 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. T. Muneer, M. Asif, Prospects for secure and sustainable electricity supply for Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11, 654–671 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. H. Chandler, J. Bjerg, T. Kerr, U. Remme, B. Beck, C. Philibert, T. Rinke, Wind Energy Technology Roadmap, International Energy Agency (IEA). www.iea.org/G8/docs/Roadmaps_g8july09.pdf. (2009, March 23, 2011)

  17. WWEA, The World Wind Energy Association: Half-year Report 2012. http://www.wwindea.org/webimages/Half-year_report_2012.pdf. (2012, Nov 17, 2012)

  18. K.Q. Nguyen, Wind energy in Vietnam: resource assessment, development status and future implications. Energy Policy 35, 1405–1413 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. T.U. Daim, I. Iskin, X. Li, C. Zielsdorff, A.E. Bayraktaroglu, T. Dereli, A. Durmusoglu, Patent analysis of wind energy technology using the patent alert system. World Patent Inform 34, 37–47 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. I. Iskin, X. Li, C. Zielsdorff, A.E. Bayraktaroglu, Patent alert system for wind turbine technology, in Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), Portland, Oregon, USA, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  21. T.U. Daim, D. Lim, F.A. Gomez, J. Schwarz, S. Jovanovic, Storage technologies for wind power in the Columbia River Gorge. Int J Sustainable Energy 33, 1–15 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey 2006–2007, Government of Pakistan, (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  23. T.U. Daim, M. Amer, R. Brenden, Technology road mapping for wind energy: case of the Pacific Northwest. J Clean Prod 20, 27–37 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Aksoy, Z.F. Toprak, A. Aylek, N.E. Anal, Stochastic generation of fairly mean wind speed data. Renew Energy 29, 2111–2131 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M.A. Sheikh, Renewable energy resource potential in Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13, 2696–2702 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. I.A. Mirza, N.A. Khan, N. Memon, Development of benchmark wind speed for Gharo and Jhimpir, Pakistan. Renew Energy 35, 576–582 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. U.K. Mirza, N. Ahmad, T. Majeed, K. Harijan, Wind energy development in Pakistan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11, 2179–2190 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. A.M. Chaudhry, R. Raza, S.A. Hayat, Renewable energy technologies in Pakistan: prospects and challenges. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13, 1657–1662 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. PMD, Wind Power Potential of Sindh, Pakistan Meteorogical Department, (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  30. NREL, Wind Map of Pakistan. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/final1-1-1pwr50pk.pdf. (2010, Nov 12, 2010)

  31. A. Ghayur, Role of satellites for renewable energy generation technologies in urban regional and urban settings, in International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies (ICAST), Islamabad, Pakistan, 2006, pp. 157–161

    Google Scholar 

  32. D. Elliott, Wind resource assessment and mapping for Afghanistan and Pakistan, SARI-Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/international/pdfs/afg_pak_wind_june07.pdf. (2007, August 14, 2011)

  33. GoP, Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, Government of Pakistan. http://www.aedb.org/. (2006)

  34. M. Amer, T.U. Daim, Selection of renewable energy technologies for a developing country: a case study of Pakistan. Energy Sustain Dev 15, 420–435 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. N. Keyes, Mapping the renewable energy revolution. Renewable Energy World. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/06/mapping-the-renewable-energy-revolution?cmpid=SolarNL-Saturday-June22-2013. (2013, June 20, 2013)

  36. S. Al-Yahyai, Y. Charabi, A. Gastli, Review of the use of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models for wind energy assessment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14, 3192–3198 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. S. Ganesan, S. Ahmed, Assessment of wind energy potential using topographical and meteorological data of a site in Central India (Bhopal). Int J Sustainable Energy 27, 131–142 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. AWS Scientific Inc. Wind resource assessment handbook; fundamentals for conducting a successful monitoring program. New York: AWS Scientific Inc.; 1997, TAT-5-15283-01

    Google Scholar 

  39. S. Frandsen, C.J. Christensen, Accuracy of estimation of energy production from wind power plants. Wind Eng 16, 257–671 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  40. R. van Haaren, V. Fthenakis, GIS-based wind farm site selection using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA): evaluating the case for New York State. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15, 3332–3340 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. G. Joselin Herbert, S. Iniyan, E. Sreevalsan, S. Rajapandian, A review of wind energy technologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11, 1117–1145 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. A.L. Drewitt, R.H. Langston, Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. Ibis 148, 29–42 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. J.F. Manwell, J. MacLeod, S. Wright, L. DiTullio, J.G. McGowan, Hull Wind II: a case study of the development of a second large wind turbine installation in the Town of Hull, MA, in American Wind Energy Association. Windpower 2006 Conference, (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  44. B. Ozerdem, H. Turkeli, Wind energy potential estimation and micrositting on Izmir Institute of Technology Campus, Turkey. Renew Energy 30, 1623–1633 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. L.M. Druyan, Review article wind climate studies for wecs siting. J Climatology 5, 95–105 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. K. Altaii, R. Farrugia, Wind characteristics on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. Renew Energy 28, 1701–1710 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. B. Ozerdem, S. Ozer, M. Tosun, Feasibility study of wind farms: A case study for Izmir, Turkey. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 94, 725–743 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. A. Kusiak, Z. Song, Design of wind farm layout for maximum wind energy capture. Renew Energy 35, 685–694 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. D. Renné, Wind and solar maps for Pakistan and Afghanistan, in Renewable Energy Symposium by NREL, Islamabad, Pakistan, (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  50. N.G. Mortensen, L. Landberg, I. Troen, E. Lundtang Petersen, Wind atlas analysis and application program (WAsP) (Risoe National Lab, Roskilde, Denmark, 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  51. T.L. Acker, S.K. Williams, E.P. Duque, G. Brummels, J. Buechler, Wind resource assessment in the state of Arizona: inventory, capacity factor, and cost. Renew Energy 32, 1453–1466 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. B. Jimenez, F. Durante, B. Lange, T. Kreutzer, J. Tambke, Offshore wind resource assessment with WAsP and MM5: comparative study for the German Bight. Wind Energy 10, 121–134 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. C. Quine, Estimation of mean wind climate and probability of strong winds for wind risk assessment. Forestry 73, 247–258 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. E. Migoya, A. Crespo, Á. Jiménez, J. García, F. Manuel, Wind energy resource assessment in Madrid region. Renew Energy 32, 1467–1483 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. D.M. Hardy, J.J. Walton, Wind energy assessment, in Alternative Energy Sources, Volume 4, (1978, pp. 1835–1863)

    Google Scholar 

  56. A. Dorvlo, D. Ampratwum, Wind energy potential for Oman. Renew Energy 26, 333–338 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. A. Ucar, F. Balo, Evaluation of wind energy potential and electricity generation at six locations in Turkey. Appl Energ 86, 1864–1872 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. K. Radics, J. Bartholy, Estimating and modelling the wind resource of Hungary. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12, 874–882 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. P. Martin, Some wind characteristics and applications of wind power on the east coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Solar Energy 34, 9–11 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. NRG, NRG Systems. http://www.nrgsystems.com/allproducts.aspx. (November, 12, 2012)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Renewable Resources (Pvt) Ltd., Karachi, Pakistan

    Irfan Afzal Mirza

  2. University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

    M. Shahid Khalil

  3. Advanced Engineering Research Organization, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Amer

  4. Department of Engineering and Technology Management, Portland State University, 1900 SW 4th Avenue 50-02, Portland, OR, 97201, USA

    Tugrul U. Daim

Authors
  1. Irfan Afzal Mirza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Shahid Khalil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Amer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tugrul U. Daim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tugrul U. Daim .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Engineering and Technology Management, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Tugrul U. Daim

  2. Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Jisun Kim

  3. Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Ibrahim Iskin

  4. Portland State University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA

    Rimal Abu Taha

  5. Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Kevin C. van Blommestein

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mirza, I.A., Khalil, M.S., Amer, M., Daim, T.U. (2015). Assessment of Wind Potential in Kalar Kahar Region by Comparing On-Site Data with NREL Wind Resource Map of Pakistan. In: Daim, T., Kim, J., Iskin, I., Abu Taha, R., van Blommestein, K. (eds) Policies and Programs for Sustainable Energy Innovations. Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16033-7_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation