Abstract
This chapter focuses on the impacts of agricultural and industrial activity on water resources in the province of Alberta, and how these activities could compromise drinking water quality. This chapter provides a profile of the water sector and water policy in Alberta. We also discuss the modification and implementation of the World Health Organization’s guideline titled, “Water Safety Plan” in the province of Alberta, and we assess to what extent Water Safety Plans are likely to enhance safe drinking water. A risk matrix from the Drinking Water Safety Plan is constructed to assess the severity of any existing or emerging chemical, microbiological, physical, or radiological parameters. However, the major problem is that there is no empirical data used to quantify risk parameters when defining the various types of “likelihoods.”
Notes
- 1.
Based on Alberta Water Council’s “Review of Implementation Progress of Water for Life, 2009–2011” (2012). The next Review is scheduled for release in late 2015. All progress made in fulfilling the plans reported here is based on official Government of Alberta documents; no independent verification was possible.
- 2.
EPCOR is the major water utility for Edmonton.
- 3.
The Report’s other findings and recommendations are out-dated, and thus are excluded.
- 4.
- 5.
In 2010, CU Water Ltd was acquired by the “Highway 14 Water Services Commission” which supplies drinking water to many small communities such as Beaver County, Strathcona County, the Town of Tofield, the Village of Holden, the Village of Ryley and the Town of Viking.
- 6.
Data is not shown in the article.
- 7.
Bitumen is a viscous mixture of hydrocarbons, including about 83 % carbon, 10 % hydrogen, 5 % sulfur, 1 % oxygen, 0.4 % nitrogen, and trace quantities of methane, hydrogen sulfide, and metals (Timoney and Lee 2009).
- 8.
Suncor’s Tar Island Pond One is located in the Athabasca River basin and it occupies 1.45 million square meters.
- 9.
Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program is an industry-funded multistakeholder group, which was established in 1997. Its objective was to integrate aquatic monitoring activities in the Athabasca oil sands region (Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program 2014).
- 10.
Both the Federal and the Alberta governments have set up websites reporting on new data and two annual reports have been published to date (Feb 23, 2015). See for example: http://www.jointoilsandsmonitoring.ca/; it is too early to determine if this joint monitoring exercise is effective in curbing pollutants.
- 11.
In Canada, there are several municipalities that use Advanced Oxidation Processes , but mainly for taste and odor concerns. See Chap. 4 “Water Policy in Ontario” for further details.
References
Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development (2014) Regulatory process for siting new or expanded confined feeding operations. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/general/progserv.nsf/all/pgmsrv212. Accessed 10 July 2014
Alberta Energy Regulator (2014) Home. http://aer.ca/. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2004) Waterworks facility assessment report. http://www.waterforlife.gov.ab.ca/docs/Assessment_Report.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2006) Investing in our future: responding to the rapid growth of oil sands development. ISBN 978-0-7785-6320-4. www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/egovdocs/2006/alec/158408.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2009a) Alberta environment’s drinking water program—a ‘source to tap, multi-barrier’ approach. http://environment.alberta.ca/01222.html. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2009b) Communication and action protocol for failed bacteriological results in drinking water. http://environment.alberta.ca/01607.html. Accessed 28 Jan 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2010a) Facts about water in Alberta (a revised edition of a publication entitled: water for life: facts and information on water in Alberta 2002. http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/6364.pdf. Accessed 9 July 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2010b) Water for life: water conservation direction. http://www.waterforlife.alberta.ca/documents/WfL-Water-Conservation-Direction.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2012a) Watershed stewardship grant program report 2011. http://www.waterforlife.alberta.ca/01317.html. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2012b) Standards and guidelines for municipal waterworks, wastewater and storm drainage systems. http://environment.alberta.ca/01249.html. Accessed 28 Jan 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2012c) Joint Canada-Alberta implementation plan for oil sands monitoring. http://environment.alberta.ca/03902.html. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2013a) Watershed stewardship groups achievements. http://www.waterforlife.alberta.ca/01317.html. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2013b) The Alberta environment water and wastewater operators’ certification guidelines. http://environment.alberta.ca/01626.html. Accessed 28 Jan 28 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2013c) Provincial groundwater inventory program. http://environment.alberta.ca/03586.html. Accessed 28 Jan 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2013d) Environment: regulated drinking water: drinking water program. http://environment.alberta.ca/apps/regulateddwq. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2014a) Environmental monitoring in Alberta. http://environment.alberta.ca/03379.html. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2014b) Water for life, partnerships, watershed planning and advisory councils (WPACs). http://www.waterforlife.alberta.ca/01261.html. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2014c) Sectoral water allocations in 2010. http://esrd.alberta.ca/focus/state-of-the-environment/water/surface-water/pressure-indicators/sectoral-water-allocations/default.aspx. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (2014d) Drinking water safety plan. http://environment.alberta.ca/apps/regulateddwq/DWSP.aspx. Accessed 28 Jan 2014
Alberta Human Services (2013) WAGE info database. http://occinfo.alis.alberta.ca/occinfopreview/info/browse-wages.html. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Alberta Urban Municipalities Association (2012) Wastewater systems effluent regulations in force. http://www.auma.ca/live/MuniLink/Communications/Member+Notices?contentId=16053. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Alberta Water Council (2007) Review of implementation progress of water for life, 2005–2006. http://www.albertawatercouncil.ca/Projects/WaterforLifeImplementationReview/tabid/102/Default.aspx. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Alberta Water Council (2008) Water for life recommendations for renewal. http://www.albertawatercouncil.ca/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fJmryAenUXs%3D&tabid=59. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Alberta Water Council (2009) Review of implementation progress of water for life, 2006–2008. http://www.albertawatercouncil.ca/Projects/WaterforLifeImplementationReview/tabid/102/Default.aspx. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Alberta Water Council (2012) Review of implementation progress of water for life, 2009–2011. http://www.albertawatercouncil.ca/Projects/WaterforLifeImplementationReview/tabid/102/Default.aspx. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Auditor General of Alberta (2011) 2011 report of the auditor genera. http://www.oag.ab.ca/reports. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Auditor General of Alberta (2013) 2013 report of the auditor genera. http://www.oag.ab.ca/reports. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Blake, Cassels, Graydon LLP (2010) Overview of environmental regulatory regime related to Alberta oil sands activities. http://www.blakesfiles.com/Guides/2010_Blakes_Environmental_Regulations_Alberta_Oil_Sands_EN.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Bolton C (2012) Dangerous E. coli found in several rural Alberta areas. CBC news. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/dangerous-e-coli-found-in-several-rural-alberta-areas-1.1132774. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Budu-Amoako E, Greenwood S, Dixon B, Barkema H, McClure J (2012) Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on beef farms and water sources within the vicinity of the farms on Prince Edward Island, Canada. Vet Parasitol 184(1):1–9
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (2010) Water use in Canada’s oil sands. http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?DocId=193756. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Charrois J, Boyd J, Froese K, Hrudey S (2007) Occurrence of N-nitrosamines in Alberta public drinking-water distribution systems. J Environ Eng Sci 6(1):103–114
Council of Canadian Academies (2009) The sustainable management of groundwater in Canada. http://www.scienceadvice.ca/en/assessments/completed/groundwater.aspx. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Dick M, Hees J (2010) Alta. Oil sands pond sludge oozes into bush. CBC news. http://www.cbc.ca/m/touch/canada/edmonton/story/1.924029. Accessed 8 Feb 2014
Dillon P, Dixon G, Driscoll C, Giesy J, Hurlbert S, Nriagu J (2011) Water monitoring data review committee “evaluation of four reports on contamination of the Athabasca river system by oil sands operations.” Prepared for the Government of Alberta. http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/egovdocs/2011/alen/156416.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Dore MHI, Simcisko P (2013) Projecting future climate scenarios for Canada using general circulation models: an integrated review. In: Younos T, Grady CA (eds) Climate change and water resources. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 25. Springer, Heidelberg
Energy Resources Conservation Board (2011) Big reserves, big responsibility: developing Alberta’s oil sands. http://www.aer.ca/documents/news-releases/OilSandsRegulatoryCaseStudy_201104.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
EPCOR Water Services Inc. (2011) Enviro vista champion report. http://www.epcor.com/water/reportsedmonton/Documents/EnviroVistaChampionReport.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
EPCOR Water Services Inc. (2012) Source water protection plan, Edmonton’s drinking water system. http://corp.epcor.com/watersolutions/operations/Documents/EPCOR-source-water-protection-plan.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Gannon V, Graham T, Read S, Ziebell K, Muckle A, Mori J et al (2004) Bacterial pathogens in rural water supplies in Southern Alberta, Canada. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 67(20–22):1643–1653
Government of Alberta (2009) Water for life action plan. http://www.waterforlife.alberta.ca/. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Government of Alberta (2013) Government of Alberta 2013–2016 strategic action plan. http://www.finance.alberta.ca/publications/budget/budget2013/goa-business-plan.pdf. Accessed 11 Feb 2014
Government of Alberta (2014) Alberta’s oil sands economic benefits. http://oilsands.alberta.ca/economicinvestm. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Health Canada, Environmental Impact Initiative (2009) Pharmaceutical disposal programs for the public: a Canadian perspective. http://www.enviroadvisory.com/pdf/Takeback.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Heitman T, Frederick L, Viste J, Guselle N, Morgan U, Thompson R, Olson M (2002) Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from wildlife, human, and agricultural sources in the North Saskatchewan River Basin in Alberta, Canada. Can J Microbiol 48(6):530–541
ISL Engineering and Land Services (2014) Drayton valley wastewater treatment plant. http://www.islengineering.com/index.php/drayton-valley-wastewater-treatment-plant. Accessed 10 July 2014
Kalischuk L, Inglis G, Buret A (2009) Campylobacter jejuni induces transcellular translocation of commensal bacteria via lipid rafts. Gut Pathogens 1(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-1-2
Kelly E, Short J, Schindler D, Hodson P, Ma M, Kwan A, Fortin B (2009) Oil sands development contributes polycyclic aromatic compounds to the Athabasca River and its tributaries. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(52):22346–22351
Kelly E, Schindler D, Hodson P, Short J, Radmanovich R, Nielsen C (2010) Oil sands development contributes elements toxic at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(37):16178–16183
Kornik S (2013) North Saskatchewan River receding but still dangerous. Global toronto. http://globalnews.ca/news/673299/north-saskatchewan-river-receding-but-still-dangerous/. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Mitchell P (2002) Relationship between beef production and waterborne parasites (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) in the North Saskatchewan River basin, Alberta, Canada, 1st edn. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Conservation and Development Branch, Edmonton. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/wat6400. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Municipal Affairs (2013) Municipal sustainability initiative capital program guidelines. www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/documents/ms/2013__MSI_Capital_Program_GuidelinesPDF_Final.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Nikiforuk A (2010) Tar sands: dirty oil and the future of a continent. Greystone Books, Vancouver
Oldman Watershed Council (2010) Oldman River state of the watershed report 2010. http://oldmanbasin.org/teams-and-projects/state-of-the-watershed-report/. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Olson B, Kalischuk A, Casson J, Phelan C (2011) Evaluation of cattle bedding and grazing BMPs in an agricultural watershed in Alberta. Water Sci Technol 64(2):326–333
Ontario Safe Drinking Water Act, 2002-O. Reg. 169/03 (2003). http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_030169_e.htm. Accessed 2 July 2014
Parajulee A, Wania F (2014) Evaluating officially reported polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in the Athabasca oil sands region with a multimedia fate model. http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1319780111/-/DCSupplemental. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Partners for the Saskatchewan River Basin (PFSRB) (2009) From the mountains to the sea: summary of the state of the Saskatchewan River basin. http://www.saskriverbasin.ca/file/SRB%20Summary.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Region of Peel (2014) Drinking water quality management in Peel. http://www.peelregion.ca/pw/water/quality/dwqms-peel.htm. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (2006) Technical report, final. http://www.ramp-alberta.org/ramp/results/report.aspx. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP) (2014). http://www.ramp-alberta.org/RAMP.aspx. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Reid D, Abramowski K, Beier A, Janzen A, Lok D, Mack H, Radhakrishnan H, Rahman M, Schroth R, Vatcher R (2013) Implementation of Alberta’s drinking water safety plans. Water Qual Res J Can 49(1):5–9. doi:10.2166/wqrjc.2013.063
Sage Environment (Southern Alberta Group for Environment) (2014) A letter to the minister, Alberta agriculture and rural development. http://www.sage-environment.org/?p=9. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Sandford RW (2012) Cold matters: the state and fate of Canada’s fresh water. Rocky Mountain Books
Schindler D (2010) Tar sands need solid science. Nature 468(7323):499–501
Schindler D, Donahue W (2006) An impending water crisis in Canada’s western Prairie provinces. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103(19):7210–7216
Schindler D, Donahue W, Thompson JP (2007) Running out of Steam? Oil sands development and water use in the Athabasca River-watershed: science and market based solutions. University of Toronto Munk Centre for International Studies, Toronto
Smith P, Ellis-Iversen J, Snary E, Clifton-Hadley F, Paiba G (2009) Factors influencing the presence and concentration of E. coli 0517 and E. coli in farm waste on six cattle farms in north-west England. J Appl Microbiol 106:613–623
Sosiak A, Hebben T (2005) A preliminary survey of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in treated municipal wastewaters and receiving rivers of Alberta, 1st edn. Alberta Environment, Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Branch, Edmonton
Soto A, Calabro J, Prechtl N, Yau A, Orlando E, Daxenberger A et al (2004) Androgenic and estrogenic activity in water bodies receiving cattle feedlot effluent in Eastern Nebraska, USA. Environ Health Perspect 112(3):346–352
Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development (2010) The hidden dimension: water and the oil sands. http://thetyee.ca/News/2010/08/18/The%20Hidden%20Dimension_Water%20and%20the%20Oil%20Sands.pdf. Accessed Feb 23 2015
Statistics Canada (2013) Cattle inventories, by province (Alberta). http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/prim50j-eng.htm. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Tait C (2013a) Alberta says Suncor spill would have killed aquatic life if undiluted. The globe and mail. www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/alberta-says-suncor-spill-would-have-killed-aquatic-life-if-undiluted/article11160116/. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Tait C (2013b) Alberta revamps energy regulator in bid to polish environmental image. The globe and mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/the-law-page/alberta-revamps-energy-regulator-in-bid-to-polish-environmental-image/article11901575/. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
The Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel (2010) Expert panel reports: environmental and health impacts of Canada’s oil sands industry. The royal society of Canada (RSC). http://rsc-src.ca/en/expert-panels/rsc-reports/environmental-and-health-impacts-canadas-oil-sands-industry. Accessed 12 Feb 2014
Timoney K, Lee P (2009) Does the Alberta tar sands industry pollute? The scientific evidence. Open Conserv Biol J 2009(3):65–81
Turnbull B, Ryan M (2012) Decadal and seasonal water quality trends downstream of urban and rural areas in southern Alberta rivers. Water Qual Res J Can 47(3–4):406–420
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dore, M.H. (2015). Water Policy in Alberta. In: Water Policy in Canada. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15883-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15883-9_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15882-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15883-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)