Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Achilles Tendon

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Foot and Ankle Sports Orthopaedics

  • 2563 Accesses

Abstract

Achilles tendon disorders are most common in individuals who participate in endurance sports that involve repetitive loading of the foot. The increasing incidence is correlated with an expanding participation of the population in recreational and competitive sports and is therefore one of the more common disorders seen in sports medicine. In the following chapter both acute Achilles tendon disorders such as the partial and full Achilles tendon ruptures as well as more chronic disorders such as Achilles tendinopathy is thoroughly discussed with special attention for elite sportsmen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Krahe MA, Berlet GC. Achilles tendon ruptures, re rupture with revision surgery, tendinosis, and insertional disease. Foot Ankle Clin. 2009;14(2):247–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Longo UG, Ronga M, Maffulli N. Acute ruptures of the achilles tendon. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2009;17(2):127–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lysholm J, Wiklander J. Injuries in runners. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(2):168–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ganse B, et al. Impact of age, performance and athletic event on injury rates in master athletics - first results from an ongoing prospective study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2014;14(2):148–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jacobsson J, et al. Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in Swedish elite track and field athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(1):163–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J. Cumulative incidence of achilles tendon rupture and tendinopathy in male former elite athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(3):133–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Maffulli N, Sharma P, Luscombe KL. Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management. J R Soc Med. 2004;97(10):472–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Amin NH, et al. Performance outcomes after repair of complete achilles tendon ruptures in national basketball association players. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(8):1864–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Parekh SG, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of Achilles tendon ruptures in the National Football League. Foot Ankle Spec. 2009;2(6):283–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fahlstrom M, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Painful conditions in the Achilles tendon region in elite badminton players. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(1):51–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fahlstrom M, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Painful conditions in the Achilles tendon region: a common problem in middle-aged competitive badminton players. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2002;10(1):57–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fernandez-Palazzi F, Rivas S, Mujica P. Achilles tendinitis in ballet dancers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;257:257–61.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sankey RA, et al. The epidemiology of ankle injuries in professional rugby union players. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(12):2415–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Schepsis AA, Jones H, Haas AL. Achilles tendon disorders in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(2):287–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Maffulli N, et al. Chronic rupture of tendo Achillis. Foot Ankle Clin. 2007;12(4):583–96, vi.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. O’Brien M. The anatomy of the Achilles tendon. Foot Ankle Clin. 2005;10(2):225–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cummins EJ, Anson BJ, et al. The structure of the calcaneal tendon (of Achilles) in relation to orthopedic surgery, with additional observations on the plantaris muscle. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1946;83:107–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Arndt A, et al. Asymmetrical loading of the human triceps surae: I. Mediolateral force differences in the Achilles tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20(7):444–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Carr AJ, Norris SH. The blood supply of the calcaneal tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71(1):100–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Stilwell Jr DL. The innervation of tendons and aponeuroses. Am J Anat. 1957;100(3):289–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. van Dijk CN, et al. Terminology for Achilles tendon related disorders. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(5):835–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Longo UG, et al. No influence of age, gender, weight, height, and impact profile in achilles tendinopathy in masters track and field athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(7):1400–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ames PR, et al. Achilles tendon problems: not just an orthopaedic issue. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(20–22):1646–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cook JL, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(6):409–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Maffulli N, Khan KM, Puddu G. Overuse tendon conditions: time to change a confusing terminology. Arthroscopy. 1998;14(8):840–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. van Sterkenburg MN, van Dijk CN. Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: why painful? An evidence-based philosophy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(8):1367–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Riley G. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy. A molecular perspective. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43(2):131–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Andersson G, et al. Presence of substance P and the neurokinin-1 receptor in tenocytes of the human Achilles tendon. Regul Pept. 2008;150(1–3):81–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Andersson G, et al. Tenocyte hypercellularity and vascular proliferation in a rabbit model of tendinopathy: contralateral effects suggest the involvement of central neuronal mechanisms. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(5):399–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pufe T, et al. The role of vasculature and angiogenesis for the pathogenesis of degenerative tendons disease. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15(4):211–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Abate M, et al. Pathogenesis of tendinopathies: inflammation or degeneration? Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(3):235.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Rio E, et al. The pain of tendinopathy: physiological or pathophysiological? Sports Med. 2014;44(1):9–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Millar NL, et al. Inflammation is present in early human tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):2085–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mahieu NN, et al. Intrinsic risk factors for the development of achilles tendon overuse injury: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(2):226–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kannus P. Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic tendon disorders in sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7(2):78–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jarvinen TA, et al. Achilles tendon disorders: etiology and epidemiology. Foot Ankle Clin. 2005;10(2):255–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kvist M. Achilles tendon injuries in athletes. Sports Med. 1994;18(3):173–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rufai A, Ralphs JR, Benjamin M. Structure and histopathology of the insertional region of the human Achilles tendon. J Orthop Res. 1995;13(4):585–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Maganaris CN, et al. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of overuse tendon injuries: ideas on insertional tendinopathy. Sports Med. 2004;34(14):1005–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Horita T, et al. Exhausting stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercise causes greater impairment in SSC performance than in pure concentric performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;88(6):527–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Nichols AW. Achilles tendinitis in running athletes. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1989;2(3):196–203.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lyman J, Weinhold PS, Almekinders LC. Strain behavior of the distal achilles tendon: implications for insertional achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(2):457–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Harris CA, Peduto AJ. Achilles tendon imaging. Australas Radiol. 2006;50(6):513–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Paavola M, Jarvinen TA. Paratendinopathy. Foot Ankle Clin. 2005;10(2):279–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Maffulli N, et al. Changing incidence of Achilles tendon rupture in Scotland: a 15-year study. Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9(3):157–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lantto I, et al. Epidemiology of Achilles tendon ruptures: increasing incidence over a 33-year period. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(1):e133–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Huttunen TT, et al. Acute achilles tendon ruptures: incidence of injury and surgery in sweden between 2001 and 2012. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(10):2419–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Moller A, Astron M, Westlin N. Increasing incidence of Achilles tendon rupture. Acta Orthop Scand. 1996;67(5):479–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Saltzman CL, Tearse DS. Achilles tendon injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998;6(5):316–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Arner O, Lindholm A. Subcutaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon; a study of 92 cases. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1959;116(Supp 239):1–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Longo UG, et al. Acute achilles tendon rupture in athletes. Foot Ankle Clin. 2013;18(2):319–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Longo UG, et al. Tendon augmentation grafts: a systematic review. Br Med Bull. 2010;94:165–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bernard-Beaubois K, et al. In vitro study of cytotoxicity of quinolones on rabbit tenocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1998;14(4):283–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Fredberg U, et al. Ultrasonography as a tool for diagnosis, guidance of local steroid injection, and together with pressure algometry, monitoring of the treatment of athletes with chronic jumper’s knee and Achilles tendinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33(2):94–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bleakney RR, et al. Long-term ultrasonographic features of the Achilles tendon after rupture. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12(5):273–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Garras DN, et al. MRI is unnecessary for diagnosing acute Achilles tendon ruptures: clinical diagnostic criteria. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(8):2268–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Schweitzer ME, Karasick D. MR imaging of disorders of the Achilles tendon. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175(3):613–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kader D, et al. Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36(4):239–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Maffulli N. Rupture of the Achilles tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(7):1019–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kou J. AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline: acute Achilles tendon rupture. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18(8):511–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Scott BW, al Chalabi A. How the Simmonds-Thompson test works. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74(2):314–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. O’Brien T. The needle test for complete rupture of the Achilles tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66(7):1099–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Matles AL. Rupture of the tendo achilles: another diagnostic sign. Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1975;36(1):48–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Copeland SA. Rupture of the Achilles tendon: a new clinical test. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1990;72(4):270–1.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Fessell DP, et al. US of the ankle: technique, anatomy, and diagnosis of pathologic conditions. Radiographics. 1998;18(2):325–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Paavola M, et al. Ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of Achilles tendon injuries and related disorders. A comparison between pre-operative ultrasonography and surgical findings. Acta Radiol. 1998;39(6):612–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kayser R, Mahlfeld K, Heyde CE. Partial rupture of the proximal Achilles tendon: a differential diagnostic problem in ultrasound imaging. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(11):838–42; discussion 838–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Alfredson H, Cook J. A treatment algorithm for managing Achilles tendinopathy: new treatment options. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(4):211–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Dimmen S, et al. Negative effects of parecoxib and indomethacin on tendon healing: an experimental study in rats. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(7):835–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Li Z, et al. Inflammatory response of human tendon fibroblasts to cyclic mechanical stretching. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(2):435–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rompe JD, Furia J, Maffulli N. Eccentric loading versus eccentric loading plus shock-wave treatment for midportion achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(3):463–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rompe JD, et al. Eccentric loading, shock-wave treatment, or a wait-and-see policy for tendinopathy of the main body of tendo Achillis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(3):374–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mafi N, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Superior short-term results with eccentric calf muscle training compared to concentric training in a randomized prospective multicenter study on patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001;9(1):42–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Silbernagel KG, et al. Eccentric overload training for patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain–a randomised controlled study with reliability testing of the evaluation methods. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2001;11(4):197–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rasmussen S, et al. Shockwave therapy for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Acta Orthop. 2008;79(2):249–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Alfredson H, et al. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(3):360–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. de Jonge S, et al. One-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial on added splinting to eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(9):673–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. de Vos RJ, et al. The additional value of a night splint to eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(7):e5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Roos EM, et al. Clinical improvement after 6 weeks of eccentric exercise in patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy – a randomized trial with 1-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004;14(5):286–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Stergioulas A, et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the treatment of recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(5):881–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Willberg L, et al. Sclerosing injections to treat midportion Achilles tendinosis: a randomised controlled study evaluating two different concentrations of Polidocanol. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16(9):859–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Metcalfe D, Achten J, Costa ML. Glucocorticoid injections in lesions of the achilles tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(7):661–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. de Vos RJ, et al. Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303(2):144–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sadoghi P, et al. The role of platelets in the treatment of Achilles tendon injuries. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(1):111–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Heckman DS, Gluck GS, Parekh SG. Tendon disorders of the foot and ankle, part 2: achilles tendon disorders. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(6):1223–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Fahlstrom M, et al. Chronic Achilles tendon pain treated with eccentric calf-muscle training. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003;11(5):327–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Jonsson P, et al. New regimen for eccentric calf-muscle training in patients with chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy: results of a pilot study. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(9):746–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Rompe JD, Furia J, Maffulli N. Eccentric loading compared with shock wave treatment for chronic insertional achilles tendinopathy. A randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(1):52–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Wiegerinck JI, et al. Treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(6):1345–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Elias I, et al. Outcomes of chronic insertional Achilles tendinosis using FHL autograft through single incision. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(3):197–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. McGarvey WC, et al. Insertional Achilles tendinosis: surgical treatment through a central tendon splitting approach. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23(1):19–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Johnson KW, Zalavras C, Thordarson DB. Surgical management of insertional calcific achilles tendinosis with a central tendon splitting approach. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(4):245–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Maffulli N, et al. Calcific insertional Achilles tendinopathy: reattachment with bone anchors. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1):174–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Yodlowski ML, Scheller Jr AD, Minos L. Surgical treatment of Achilles tendinitis by decompression of the retrocalcaneal bursa and the superior calcaneal tuberosity. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(3):318–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Sadoghi P, et al. Initial Achilles tendon repair strength–synthesized biomechanical data from 196 cadaver repairs. Int Orthop. 2012;36(9):1947–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Rosso C, et al. Long-term biomechanical outcomes after Achilles tendon ruptures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(3):890–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Bhandari M, et al. Treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a systematic overview and metaanalysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;400:190–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Holm C, Kjaer M, Eliasson P. Achilles tendon rupture - treatment and complications: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(1):e1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Khan RJ, Carey Smith RL. Surgical interventions for treating acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;9:CD003674.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Khan RJ, et al. Treatment of acute achilles tendon ruptures. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(10):2202–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Maffulli N, et al. Peroneus brevis tendon transfer for reconstruction of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon: a long-term follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(10):901–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Maffulli N, et al. Free gracilis tendon graft for reconstruction of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(10):906–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Ponnapula P, Aaranson RR. Reconstruction of achilles tendon rupture with combined V-Y plasty and gastrocnemius-soleus fascia turndown graft. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;49(3):310–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ma GW, Griffith TG. Percutaneous repair of acute closed ruptured achilles tendon: a new technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;128:247–55.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Carmont MR, Maffulli N. Modified percutaneous repair of ruptured Achilles tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16(2):199–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Webb JM, Bannister GC. Percutaneous repair of the ruptured tendo Achillis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(5):877–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Brumann M, et al. Accelerated rehabilitation following Achilles tendon repair after acute rupture - Development of an evidence-based treatment protocol. Injury. 2014;45(11):1782–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Lim J, Dalal R, Waseem M. Percutaneous vs. open repair of the ruptured Achilles tendon–a prospective randomized controlled study. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22(7):559–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Cretnik A, Kosanovic M, Smrkolj V. Percutaneous versus open repair of the ruptured Achilles tendon: a comparative study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(9):1369–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Olsson N, et al. Stable surgical repair with accelerated rehabilitation versus nonsurgical treatment for acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a randomized controlled study. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2867–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Majewski M, et al. Avoiding sural nerve injuries during percutaneous Achilles tendon repair. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(5):793–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Rosso C, et al. Long-term outcomes of muscle volume and Achilles tendon length after Achilles tendon ruptures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(6):1369–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Jacobs D, et al. Comparison of conservative and operative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture. Am J Sports Med. 1978;6(3):107–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Persson A, Wredmark T. The treatment of total ruptures of the Achilles tendon by plaster immobilisation. Int Orthop. 1979;3(2):149–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hufner TM, et al. Long-term results after functional nonoperative treatment of achilles tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(3):167–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. McComis GP, Nawoczenski DA, DeHaven KE. Functional bracing for rupture of the Achilles tendon. Clinical results and analysis of ground-reaction forces and temporal data. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(12):1799–808.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Rousseau R, et al. Results of surgical treatment of calcaneus insertional tendinopathy in middle- and long-distance runners. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(9):2494–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Huang J, et al. Rehabilitation regimen after surgical treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(4):1008–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Majewski M, et al. Postoperative rehabilitation after percutaneous Achilles tendon repair: early functional therapy versus cast immobilization. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(20–22):1726–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Speck M, Klaue K. Early full weightbearing and functional treatment after surgical repair of acute achilles tendon rupture. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(6):789–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Young SW, et al. Weight-bearing in the nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(13):1073–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Kvist M, Jarvinen M. Clinical, histochemical and biomechanical features in repair of muscle and tendon injuries. Int J Sports Med. 1982;3 Suppl 1:12–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel, CH-4031, Switzerland

    Matthijs Jacxsens MD

  2. Altius Swiss Sportmed Center, Habich Dietschy-Strasse 5A, Rheinfelden, 4310, Switzerland

    Lukas Weisskopf MD

  3. Orthopaedic Department, SWISS ORTHO CENTER, Schmerzklinik Basel, Swiss Medical Network, Basel, Switzerland

    Victor Valderrabano MD, PhD

  4. Shoulder and Elbow Center, Arthro Medics, Basel, Switzerland

    Claudio Rosso MD, MSc, PD Dr. med.

Authors
  1. Matthijs Jacxsens MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lukas Weisskopf MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Victor Valderrabano MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Claudio Rosso MD, MSc, PD Dr. med.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthijs Jacxsens MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Swiss Medical Network Basel, Orthopaedic Department SWISS ORTHO CENTER Schmerzklinik Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland

    Victor Valderrabano

  2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA

    Mark Easley

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jacxsens, M., Weisskopf, L., Valderrabano, V., Rosso, C. (2016). Achilles Tendon. In: Valderrabano, V., Easley, M. (eds) Foot and Ankle Sports Orthopaedics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15735-1_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15735-1_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15734-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15735-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation