Abstract
In this chapter we focus on superconductivity and superconducting materials. We discuss the discovery of high-temperature (HTc) superconductors and provide an overview of HTc superconducting materials. We present the construction of four types of Josephson junction and derive the relations that describe the Josephson effect. We discuss the design of the classical electrochemical standards of direct voltage and standards with Josephson junctions. The parameters of the standards are compared, and the advantages of the quantum standards with Josephson junctions described. Also provided are the results of a comparison of the quantum standard at the Polish Central Office of Measures with the BIPM standard. We present the design of two types of alternating-voltage standards with Josephson junctions: binary divided junction arrays and pulse-driven junction arrays. Also presented are the principles of operation of the memory cell and flip-flop, basic components in digital cryoelectronics.
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Nawrocki, W. (2015). Quantum Voltage Standards. In: Introduction to Quantum Metrology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15669-9_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15669-9_4
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