Abstract
We discuss the history and recent progress of simultaneous AFM/STM measurements with atomic resolution. We demonstrate, that the technique can provide complex information about chemical and physical processes at atomic scale as well as about material properties of surfaces and nanostructures. We briefly overview one of the most fascinating achievements, high-resolution imaging with functionalized tips. The complexity of this technique calls for a new theoretical approach where relaxation of functionalized probe is considered in both AFM and STM modes. We describe mechanisms responsible for the high-resolution contrast introducing a numerical model, which provides deeper understanding of the AFM/STM measurements.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
G. Binning, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, E. Weibel, Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57–61 (1982)
G. Binning, C.F. Quate, Ch. Gerber, Atomic force microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930–933 (1986)
T.R. Albrecht, P. Grütter, D. Horne, D. Rugar, Frequency modulation detection using high-Q cantilevers for enhanced force microscope sensitivity. J. Appl. Phys. 69, 668 (1991)
F.J. Giessibl, Atomic resolution of the silicon (111)-(7x7) surface by atomic force microscopy. Science 267, 68–72 (1995)
S. Morita, R. Wiesendanger, E. Meyer, Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy, vol. 1 (Springer, Berlin, 2002)
S. Morita, F.J. Giessibl, R. Wiesendanger, Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy (Springer, Berlin, 2009)
U. Durig, J.K. Gimzewski, D.W. Pohl, Experimental-observation of forces acting during scanning tunneling microscopy phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2403–2406 (1986)
U. Durig, J.K. Gimzewski, D.W. Pohl, Observation of metallic adhesion using the scanning tunneling microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 349–352 (1990)
Ch. Loppacher, M. Bammerlin, M. Guggisberg, S. Schol, R. Bennewitz, A. Baratoff et al., Dynamic force microscopy of copper surfaces- atomic resolution and distance dependence of tip-sample interaction and tunneling current. Phys. Rev. B 62, 16944 (2000)
F.J. Giessibl, Advances in atomic force microscopy. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 949–983 (2003)
F.J. Giessibl, High-speed force sensor for force microscopy and profilometry utilizing a quartz tuning fork. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3956–3958 (1998)
H. Herz, Ch. Schiller, F.J. Giessibl, J. Mannhart, Simultaneous current-, force-, and work-function measurement with atomic resolution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 153101 (2005)
Z. Majzik, M. Setvín, A. Bettac, A. Feltz, V. Cháb, P. Jelínek, Simultaneous current, force and dissipation measurements on the Si(111) 7\(\times \)7 surface with an optimized qPlus AFM/STM technique. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 3, 249 (2012)
M. Ternes, C.P. Lutz, C.F. Hirjibehedin, F.J. Giessibl, A.J. Heinrich, The force needed to move an atom on a surface. Surf. Sci. 319, 1066–1069 (2008)
L. Gross, F. Mohn, P. Liljeroth, J. Repp, F.J. Giessibl, G. Meyer, Measuring the charge state of an adatom with noncontact atomic force microscopy. Science 324, 1428 (2009)
A. Sweetman, S. Jarvis, R. Danza, J. Bamidele, L. Kantorovich, P. Moriarty, Manipulating Si(100) at 5 K using qPlus frequency modulated atomic force microscopy: role of defects and dynamics in the mechanical switching of atoms. Phys. Rev. B 84, 085426 (2011)
Zh Sun, M. Boneschanscher, I. Swart, D. Vanmaekelbergh, P. Liljeroth, Quantitative atomic force microscopy with carbon monoxide terminated tips. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 046104 (2011)
A.J. Weymouth, T. Wutscher, J. Welker, T. Hofmann, F.J. Giessibl, A phantom force induced by the tunneling current, characterized on Si(111). Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 226801 (2011)
M. Ternes, C. Gonzalez, ChP Lutz, P. Hapala, F.J. Giessibl, P. Jelinek et al., Interplay of conductance, force and structural change in metallic point contacts. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 016802 (2011)
C. Chiutu, A.M. Sweetman, A.J. Lakin, A. Stannard, S. Jarvis, L. Kantorovich et al., Precise orientation of a single C60 molecule on the tip of a scanning probe microscope Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 268302 (2012)
B. Such, Th Glatzel, Sh Kawai, E. Meyer, R. Turanský, J. Brndiar et al., Interplay of the tip-sample junction stability and image contrast reversal on a Cu(111) surface revealed by the 3D force field. Nanotechnology 23, 045705 (2012)
R. Pawlak, Th Glatzel, V. Pichot, L. Schmidlin, Sh Kawai, S. Fremy et al., Local detection of nitrogen-vacancy centers in a nanodiamond monolayer. Nano Lett. 13, 5803 (2013)
T. König, G.H. Simon, H.P. Rust, M. Heyde, Atomic resolution on a metal single crystal with dynamic force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 083116 (2009)
Z. Majzik, B. Drevniok, W. Kamiński, M. Ondracek, A.B. McLean, P. Jelinek, Room temperature discrimination of adsorbed molecules and attachment sites on the Si(111)-7 \(\times \) 7 surface using a qPlus sensor. ACS Nano 7, 2686 (2013)
O. Guillermet, S. Gauthier, Ch. Joachim, P. de Mendoza, T. Lauterbach, A. Echavarren, STM and AFM high resolution intramolecular imaging of a single decastarphene molecule. Chem. Phys. Lett. 511, 482–485 (2011)
N. Hauptmann, F. Mohn, L. Gross, G. Meyer, T. Frederiksen, R. Berndt, Force and conductance during contact formation to a C60 molecule. New J. Phys. 14, 073032 (2012)
T. Herden, M. Ternes, K. Kern, The lateral and vertical stiffness of the epitaxial h-BN monolayer on Rh(111). Nano Lett. 14, 3623 (2014)
M.Z. Baykara, M. Todorović, H. Mönig, T.C. Schwendemann, Ö. Ünverdi, L. Rodrigo et al., Atom-specific forces and defect identification on surface-oxidized Cu(100) with combined 3D-AFM and STM measurements. Phys. Rev. B 87, 155414 (2013)
K. Bartzke, T. Antrack, K.H. Schmidt, E. Dammann, C.H. Schatterny, The needle sensor a micromechanical detector for atomic force microscopy. Int. J. Optoelectron 8, 669 (1993)
S. Torbrügge, O. Schaff, J. Rychen, Application of the KolibriSensor to combined atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic-force microscopy imaging. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28, C4E12 (2010)
F.J. Giessibl, F. Pielmeier, T. Eguchi, T. An, Y. Hasegawa, Comparison of force sensors for atomic force microscopy based on quartz tuning forks and length-extensional resonators. Phys. Rev. B 84, 125409 (2011)
C.J. Chen, Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008)
W.A. Hofer, A.J. Fisher, Signature of a chemical bond in the conductance between two metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 036803 (2003)
C.J. Chen, Comment on signature of a chemical bond in the conductance between two metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 069701 (2006)
W.A. Hofer, A.J. Fisher, Hofer and fisher reply. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 069702 (2006)
S. Hembacher, F.J. Giessibl, J. Mannhart, C.F. Quate, Revealing the hidden atom in graphite by low-temperature atomic force microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 12539 (2003)
A. Schirmeisen, G. Cross, A. Stalder, P. Grütter, U. Dürig, Metallic adhesion and tunnelling at the atomic scale. New. J. Phys. 2, 29 (2000)
Y. Sun, H. Mortensen, S. Schär, A. Lucier, Y. Miyahara, P. Grütter et al., From tunneling to point contact: correlation between forces and current. Phys. Rev. B 71, 193407 (2005)
P. Jelínek, M. Ondráček, F. Flores, Relation between the chemical force and the tunnelling current in atomic point contacts: a simple model. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24, 084001 (2012)
Y. Sugimoto, M. Ondráček, M. Abe, P. Pou, S. Morita, R. Pérez et al., Quantum degeneracy in atomic point contacts revealed by chemical force and conductance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 106803 (2013)
J. Repp, G. Meyer, S.M. Stojkovic, G. Gourdon, C. Joachim, Molecules on insulating films: scanning-tunneling microscopy imaging of individual molecular orbitals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 026803 (2005)
R. Temirov, S. Soubatch, O. Neucheva, A.C. Lassise, F.S. Tautz, A novel method achieving ultra-high geometrical resolution in scanning tunnelling microscopy. New J. Phys. 10, 053012 (2008)
C. Weiss, C. Wagner, C. Kleimann, M. Rohlfing, F.S. Tautz, R. Temirov, Imaging Pauli Repulsion in scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 086103 (2010)
G. Kichin, C. Weiss, C. Wagner, F.S. Tautz, R. Temirov, Single molecule and single atom sensors for atomic resolution imaging of chemically complex surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 16847 (2011)
L. Gross, F. Mohn, N. Moll, P. Liljeroth, G. Meyer, The chemical structure of a molecule resolved by atomic force microscopy. Science 325, 1110 (2009)
L. Bartels, G. Meyer, K.-H. Rieder, D. Velic, E. Knoesel, A. Hotzel et al., Dynamics of electron-induced manipulation of individual CO molecules on Cu(111). Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2004 (1998)
N. Moll, L. Gross, F. Mohn, A. Curioni, G. Meyer, The mechanisms underlying the enhanced resolution of atomic force microscopy with functionalized tips. New J. Phys. 12, 125020 (2010)
M.F. Gross, N. Moll, B. Schuler, A. Criado, E. Guitian, D. Pena, A. Gourdon, G. Meyer, Bond-order discrimination by atomic force microscopy. Science 337, 1326 (2012)
J.I. Martínez, E. Abad, C. González, F. Flores, J. Ortega, Improvement of scanning tunneling microscopy resolution with H-sensitized tips. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 246102 (2012)
P. Hapala, G. Kichin, Ch. Wagner, S.F. Tautz, R. Temirov, P. Jelínek, Mechanism of high-resolution STM/AFM imaging with functionalized tips. Phys. Rev. B 90, 085421 (2014)
J. Zhang, P. Chen, B. Yuan, W. Ji, Z. Cheng, X. Qiu, Real-space identification of intermolecular bonding with atomic force microscopy. Science 342, 611 (2013)
A.M. Sweetman, S.P. Jarvis, H. Sang, I. Lekkas, P. Rahe, Y. Wang et al., Mapping the force field of a hydrogen-bonded assembly. Nat. Commun. 5, 3931 (2014)
Hamalainen S.K., van der Heijden N., van der Lit J., den Hartog S., Liljeroth P., Swart I., Intermolecular contrast in atomic force microscopy without intermolecular bonds, (submitted)
J. Tersoff, D.R. Hamann, Theory and application for the scanning tunneling microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1998–2001 (1983)
J. Bardeen, Tunneling from a many-particle point of view. Phys. Rev. Lett. 6(2), 57–59 (1961)
C.J. Chen, Tunneling matrix elements in three dimensional space: the derivative rule and the sum rule. Phys. Rev. B 42, 8841–8857 (1990)
W.A. Hofer, A.S. Foster, A.L. Shluger, Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 1287 (2003)
K. Palotás, G. Mándi, L. Szunyogh, Orbital-dependent electron tunneling within the atom superposition approach: theory and application to W(110). Phys. Rev. B 86, 235415 (2012)
J.M. Blanco, F. Flores, R. Perez, STM-theory: image potential, chemistry and surface relaxation. Prog. Surf. Sci. 81, 403 (2006)
P. Jelinek, M. Svec, P. Pou, R. Perez, V. Chab, Tip-induced reduction of the resonant tunneling current on semiconductor surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 176101 (2008)
D. Sawada, Y. Sugimoto, K. Morita, M. Abe, S. Morita, Simultaneous measurement of force and tunneling current at room temperature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 173117 (2009)
S. Sadewasser, P. Jelinek, C. Fang, O. Custance, Y. Yamada, Y. Sugimoto, S. Morita et al., New insights on atomic-resolution frequency-modulation kelvin probe force microscopy imaging on semiconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 266103 (2009)
P. Hapala, F.S. Tautz, R. Temirov, P. Jelinek, Origin of high-resolution IETS-STM images of organic molecules with functionalized tips. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 226101 (2014)
Ch. Chiang, Ch. Xu, Z. Han, W. Ho, Real-space imaging of molecular structure and chemical bonding by single-molecule inelastic tunneling probe. Science 344, 885 (2014)
J.A. Stroscio, R.J. Celotta, Controlling the dynamics of a single atom in lateral atom manipulation. Science 306, 242 (2004)
Y.-H. Zhang, P. Wahl, K. Kern, Quantum point contact microscopy. Nano Lett. 11, 3838 (2011)
G. Schull, Y.J. Dappe, C. Gonzalez, H. Bulou, R. Berndt, Charge injection through single and double carbon bonds. Nano Lett. 11, 3142 (2011)
H. Holscher, U.D. Schwarz, O. Zworner, R. Wiesendanger, Consequences of the stick-slip movement for the scanning force microscopy imaging of graphite. Phys. Rev. B 57, 2477 (1998)
H. Holscher, U.D. Schwarz, R. Wiesendanger, Simulation of a scanned tip on a NaF(001) surface in friction force microscopy. Europhys. Lett. 36, 19 (1996)
F. Mohn, L. Gross, N. Moll, G. Meyer, Imaging the charge distribution within a single molecule. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 227 (2012)
D.G. de Oteyza, P. Gorman, Y.-C. Chen, S. Wickenburg, A. Riss, D.J. Mowbray et al., Direct imaging of covalent bond structure in single-molecule chemical reactions. Science 340, 1434 (2013)
L. Gross, F. Mohn, N. Moll, G. Meyer, R. Ebel, W.M. Abdel-Mageed et al., Organic structure determination using atomic-resolution scanning probe microscopy. Nat. Chem. 2, 821 (2010)
N. Neu, N. Moll, L. Gross, G. Meyer, F.J. Giessibl, J. Repp, Image correction for atomic force microscopy images with functionalized tips. Phys. Rev. B 89, 205407 (2014)
S. Aradhya, L. Venkataraman, Single-molecule junctions beyond electronic transport. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 399 (2013)
D. Dundas, E.J. McEniry, N. Todorov, Current-driven atomic waterwheels. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 99 (2009)
S.J. van der Molen, P. Liljeroth, Charge transport through molecular switches. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22(13), 133001 (2010)
H. Holscher, U.D. Schwarz, O. Zworner, R. Wiesendanger, Consequences of the stick-slip movement for the scanning force microscopy imaging of graphite. Phys. Rev. B 57, 2477 (1998)
S. Fujisawa, E. Kishi, Y. Sugawara, S. Morita, Atomic-scale friction observed with a two-dimensional frictional-force microscope. Phys. Rev. B 51, 7849 (1995)
Acknowledgments
Our research was performed within the GAČR project no. 14-02079S and EMRP joint research project CRYSTAL. The EMRP is jointly funded by the EMRP participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union. We would like to acknowledge very fruitful discussion with R. Temirov, S. Tautz. R. Pérez, P. Pou, F. Flores, N. Moll, O. Custance, Y. Sugimoto, J. Repp, L. Gross, M. Ternes, F.J. Giessibl, P. Grutter, P. Moriarty and many others.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hapala, P., Ondráček, M., Stetsovych, O., Švec, M., Jelínek, P. (2015). Simultaneous nc-AFM/STM Measurements with Atomic Resolution. In: Morita, S., Giessibl, F., Meyer, E., Wiesendanger, R. (eds) Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15588-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15588-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15587-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15588-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)