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Insights into Possible VANET 2.0 Directions

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Book cover Vehicular ad hoc Networks

Abstract

Over the last decade, there have been vigorous joint efforts from the Industry, Academia, and Governments to validate the Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) technology and also to identify and address key technical and business challenges. These efforts have confirmed the applicability of DSRC to improve vehicular safety. They also point to several areas for further improvements. In this chapter, we will discuss potential improvements that can be beneficial to future generations of DSRC.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    As discussed in Chap. 3, pilot sub-carriers are used to prevent frequency and phase shift errors in the OFDM receiver (only the nominal—not the actual—frequencies of OFDM sub-carriers are known) and for supporting equalization.

  2. 2.

    These advantages could get enforced even more if a variable pilot distribution were used, though with the same channel efficiency. For instance, in [76] the author proposes to adopt a non-standard encoding where the position of pilots varies symbol by symbol: they propose to switch between the position at sub-carrier ± 4 and ± 11 (instead of keeping it fixed at ± 7), and between ± 18 and ± 25, instead of ± 21: this solution is claimed to enforce channel estimation also under conditions of poor coherence time and coherence bandwidth but, conversely, it would not be compatible with the current standard.

  3. 3.

    In all the simulations here presented, the same propagation model used in [31] has been adopted (dual slope decay with Nakagami fading depending on distance) and the nodes (from 400 to 600) move in a ring (radius = 2 km) with a distribution between 40 and 120 km/h, half per direction; CSMA/CA does not use any DCC features and the transmitted power is set to 20 dBm for both MS-Aloha and CSMA/CA. VANET frames are periodically generated at 10 Hz and are long 300 bytes.

  4. 4.

    With pre-emption, a high-priority connection can override a low-priority one.

  5. 5.

    The rationale for coexistence is to let MS-Aloha reserve two slots every time he needs one: the second is really used for transmissions, the first one is used just to let CSMA/CA sense the channel busy; this fake reservation will have the lowest priority (so that other synchronous nodes can pre-empt it) and will involve a low-power transmission of fake data (so to interfere as little as possible any other synchronous transmissions).

  6. 6.

    In this chapter we will call absolute synchronization the synchronization (i) both in frequency and phase and (ii) achieved by means of an external source (such as GPS, Galileo or other GNSS systems), not by a clock tree distributing it among the communicating nodes.

  7. 7.

    In TDMA methods, for these reasons, frame reception cannot be strictly based on synchronization, but rather needs to exploit the data-link preamble and start of frame delimiter.

  8. 8.

    BLE was established in 2010 as Bluetooth Core Specification ver. 4.0. It is not compatible with the previous versions, often referred to as Bluetooth Classic (BC). BLE, as opposed to BC, was designed to reduce power consumption and to simplify the pairing. It still works in the 2.4 GHz band but with a doubled channel-width (2 MHz) compared to BC: this way, in spite of the reduced transmitted power (10 mW instead of 100 mW) it covers a distance of up to 100 m.

  9. 9.

    Jamming refers to the intentional transmission of interfering signals that disrupt a communication.

  10. 10.

    A spoofing attack is a situation in which one person or program masquerades as another transmitter, either to get an advantage or to cause some damage.

  11. 11.

    White spaces refer to frequencies allocated to broadcasting but not used: they may be either free for technical reasons (guard-bands) or freed by the switchover to digital TV, which compresses TV transmissions in fewer channels.

  12. 12.

    IEEE 802.11af is a standard approved in February 2014, also known as White-Fi: it fosters WLAN operation in TV white space spectrum between 54 and 790 MHz. It is deigned for range of some kilometers and transfer speeds of up to 35 Mb/s, with a CSMA/CA MAC.

  13. 13.

    IEEE 802.22 is a standard approved in November 2013, to build Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) in TV the white space spectrum between 54 and 698 MHz. It is designed for range of up to 100 km and transfer speed of up to 19 Mb/s, with a point-to-multipoint logical architecture and a slotted access; IEEE 802.22 also embeds cognitive capabilities to dynamically adapt to the available white-space channels.

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Acknowledgements

The FP7 project GLOVE (joint GaliLeo Optimization and VANET Enhancement Grant Agreement 287175) has supported the here presented analyses on MACs. GLOVE aims at identifying VANETs weaknesses and at mitigating them by leveraging the time-space information provided by Galileo (WP1, WP2).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Qualcomm, New York, NY, USA

    Xinzhou Wu & Junyi Li

  2. Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Via P.C. Boggio 61, Torino, Italy

    Riccardo M. Scopigno

  3. McAfee, 7 Rue Soutrane, Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France

    Hector Agustin Cozzetti

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  1. Xinzhou Wu
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  2. Junyi Li
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  3. Riccardo M. Scopigno
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  4. Hector Agustin Cozzetti
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Correspondence to Xinzhou Wu .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy

    Claudia Campolo

  2. University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy

    Antonella Molinaro

  3. Istituto Superiore Mario Boella (ISMB), Torino, Italy

    Riccardo Scopigno

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Wu, X., Li, J., Scopigno, R.M., Cozzetti, H.A. (2015). Insights into Possible VANET 2.0 Directions. In: Campolo, C., Molinaro, A., Scopigno, R. (eds) Vehicular ad hoc Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15497-8_15

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15497-8_15

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