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Recent Developments and Trends in Redox Flow Batteries

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Rechargeable Batteries

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

Stationary energy storage systems are needed to facilitate the widespread integration of intermittent renewable electricity generators, such as solar photovoltaic and wind turbines, and to improve the energy efficiency of the electrical grid.  While no single technology can meet all needs, redox flow batteries (RFBs) have shown a favorable balance of cost, safety, and performance for many high-value applications.  RFBs are rechargeable electrochemical devices that utilize the reversible redox reactions of two soluble electroactive species for energy storage.  A compelling feature of the RFB configuration is the independent scaling of power and energy which enables cost-effective implementation of electrochemical couples with low energy density.  Aqueous RFBs have been the subject of the vast majority of research efforts to date, which have yielded industry-level demonstrations.  By comparison, non-aqueous RFBs are still in their infancy but have the potential for high energy density due to the extended stability window of non-aqueous electrolytes and the enriched selection of redox materials due to the broad variety of organic solvents.  This chapter aims to introduce emerging, potentially transformative, strategies for enhancing RFB technologies through molecular design, electrolyte development, and cell-level engineering.  Detailed discussions focus on recent developments in redox active materials (inorganic – aqueous, organic – aqueous, inorganic – non-aqueous, and organic – non-aqueous) and in system design (interdigitated flow fields, semi-solid flow cells, and hybrid flow cells).  Future research directions and key challenges for RFB technologies are also highlighted.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    All electrode potential values are referenced to the standard hydrogen electrode unless otherwise stated.

  2. 2.

    Determined by CV of 1 mM AQDS + 1 M H2SO4 on a glassy carbon electrode versus SHE.

  3. 3.

    phendione stands for 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, and from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative’s (MITei) Seed Fund Program. In addition, we thank Jarrod Milshtein and Apurba Sakti for stimulating discussions and for assistance in figure development.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

    Liang Su, Jeffrey A. Kowalski, Kyler J. Carroll & Fikile R. Brushett

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    Zhengcheng Zhang

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Su, L., Kowalski, J.A., Carroll, K.J., Brushett, F.R. (2015). Recent Developments and Trends in Redox Flow Batteries. In: Zhang, Z., Zhang, S. (eds) Rechargeable Batteries. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15458-9_24

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