Abstract
Pulmonary embolism has a special place in most minds, probably because of the risk of sudden death if the diagnosis is not immediate. Atypical cases, generating delays in the therapy, are the most dangerous. Any help should be studied with interest, especially if noninvasive.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Stein PD, Henry JW (1995) Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism among patients in a general hospital and at autopsy. Chest 108:978–981
Goldhaber SZ (2002) Echocardiography in the management of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 136:691–700
Tapson VF, Davidson CJ, Kisslo KB, Stack RS (1994) Rapid visualization of massive pulmonary emboli utilizing intravascular ultrasound. Chest 105:888–890
Haeger K (1969) Problems of acute deep vein thrombosis: the interpretation of signs and symptoms. Angiology 20:219–223
Kakkar VV (1975) Deep venous thrombosis: detection and prevention. Circulation 51:8–12
Stein PD, Athanasoulis C, Alavi A, Greenspan RH, Hales CA, Saltzman HA, Vreim CE, Terrin ML, Weg JG (1992) Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 85:462–468
Gibson NS, Sohne M, Gerdes V, Nijkeuter M, Buller HR (2008) The importance of clinical probability assessment in interpreting a normal D-Dimer in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest 134:789–793
Goodman LR, Curtin JJ, Mewissen MW et al (1995) Detection of pulmonary embolism in patients with unresolved clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis: helical CT versus angiography. Am J Rœntgenol 164:1369–1374
Levine MN, Hirsh J, Landefeld S, Raskob G (1992) Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant therapy. Chest 102(Suppl):352S–363S
Mant M, O’Brien B, Thong KL, Hammond GW, Birtwhistle RV, Grace MG (1977) Haemorrhagic complications of heparin therapy. Lancet 1(8022):1133–1135
Hampton AA, Sherertz RJ (1988) Vascular-access infection in hospitalized patients. Surg Clin North Am 68:57–71
Lichtenstein D, Mezière G (2008) Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure. The BLUE-protocol. Chest 134:117–125
Lichtenstein D, Menu Y (1995) A bedside ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax in the critically ill: lung sliding. Chest 108:1345–1348
Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Biderman P, Gepner A (2000) The “lung point”: an ultrasound sign specific to pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med 26:1434–1440
Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Biderman P, Gepner A, Barré O (1997) The comet-tail artifact, an ultrasound sign of alveolar-interstitial syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:1640–1646
Lichtenstein D, Mezière G (1998) A lung ultrasound sign allowing bedside distinction between pulmonary edema and COPD: the comet-tail artifact. Intensive Care Med 24:1331–1334
Lichtenstein D, Loubières Y (2003) Lung ultrasonography in pulmonary embolism, Letter to the Editor. Chest 123(6):2154
Reissig A, Heynes JP, Kroegel C (2001) Sonography of lung and pleura in pulmonary embolism: sonomorphologic characterization and comparison with spiral CT scanning. Chest 120(6):1977–1983
Mathis G, Blank W, Reißig A, Lechleitner P, Reuß J, Schuler A, Beckh S (2001) Thoracic ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary embolism. Chest 128:1531–1538
Mathis G, Blank W, Reißig A, Lechleitner P, Reuß J, Schuler A, Beckh S (2005) Thoracic ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary embolism. A prospective multicenter study of 352 patients. Chest 128:1531–1538
Reissig A, Kroegel C (2009) Relevance of subpleural consolidations in chest ultrasound. Chest 136:1706
Lichtenstein D, Mezière G (2009) Response to “relevance of subpleural consolidations in chest ultrasound” (Reissig A & Kroegel C). Chest 136:1706–1707
Lensing AW, Prandoni P, Brandjes D, Huisman PM, Vigo M, Tomasella G, Krekt J, Wouter Ten Cate J, Huisman MV, Büller HR (1989) Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 320:342–345
Couson F, Bounameaux C, Didier D, Geiser D, Meyerovitz MF, Schmitt HE, Schneider PA (1993) Influence of variability of interpretation of contrast venography for screening of postoperative deep venous thrombosis on the results of the thromboprophylactic study. Thromb Haemost 70:573–575
Cronan JJ (1993) Venous thromboembolic disease: the role of ultrasound, state of the art. Radiology 186:619–630
Hull RD, Hirsh J, Carter CJ, Jay RM, Dodd PE, Ockelford PA, Coates G, Gill GJ, Turpie AG, Doyle DJ, Buller HR, Raskob GE (1983) Pulmonary angiography, ventilation lung scanning and venography for clinically suspected pulmonary embolism with abnormal perfusion lung scan. Ann Intern Med 98:891–899
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lichtenstein, D.A. (2016). BLUE-Protocol and Pulmonary Embolism. In: Lung Ultrasound in the Critically Ill. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15371-1_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15371-1_26
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15370-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15371-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)