Abstract
Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abatiello (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a foliar pest of avocado, Persea americana Miller (Lauraceae), and both species are native to Mexico. Damaging O. perseae populations can occur in areas of the world where the Hass cultivar is grown commercially, including California (USA), Costa Rica, Spain and Israel. In California, the efficacy of biological control agents, including well studied predators such as Euseius hibisci (Chant) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), for management of O. perseae populations in commercial orchards, is limited. This situation differs from the successful biological control of introduced heterospecifc tetranychids on California avocados during previous decades. Using California avocados as a model system, potential key factors responsible for the limitations of O. perseae biological control are discussed. One key factor that accounts for the prevalence of O. perseae infestations in California is the increasing distribution of avocado cultivars that are highly susceptible to O. perseae. Other attributes contributing to cultivar susceptibility could potentially include the limited searching ability of predators for O. perseae. Additionally, some life history traits of phytoseiids that have been used to target O. perseae populations likely restrict their utility as effective biological control agents of this pest. Future research directions for improving O. perseae biological control strategies are discussed. Among these is the prospect of using members of the family Stigmaeidae that occur naturally on avocado but whose potential as biological control agents has not been well studied.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abad-Moyano R, Urbaneja A, Schausberger P (2010a) Intraguild interactions between Euseius stipulatus and the candidate biocontrol agents of Tetranychus urticae in Spanish clementine orchards: Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus. Exp Appl Acarol 50:23–34
Abad-Moyano R, Urbaneja A, Hoffmann D, Schausberger P (2010b) Effects of Euseius stipulatus on establishment and efficacy in spider mite suppression of Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis in clementine. Exp Appl Acarol 50:329–341
Aponte O, McMurtry JA (1997a) Biology, life table and mating behavior of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Int J Acarol 23:199–207
Aponte O, McMurtry JA (1997b) Damage on ‘Hass’ avocado leaves, webbing and nesting behaviour of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 21:265–272
Bailey JR, Olsen KN (1990) Control of two avocado mite pests. Calif Agric 44:31–32
Bellamore T (2003) Mexican avocados: history…the full story. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 86:51–71
Bender GS (1994) A new mite problem in avocados. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 77:73–77
Bergh B (1985) Avocado varieties for California. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 68:75–93
Bost JB, Smith NJH, Crane JH (2013) History, distribution and uses. In: Schaffer B, Wolstenholme BN, Whiley AW (eds) The avocado: botany, production and uses, 2nd edn. CABI, Boston, pp 10–30
Boyce AM (1947) Pests of the avocado. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 30:84–85
Bravo-Monzón AE, Espinosa-García FJ (2008) Volatile emissions in Persea americana in response to the stem borer Copturus aguacatae attack. Allelopath J 21:165–173
CAC (2013) Pest alert: persea mite, September 12, 2013. http://californiaavocadogrowers.com/articles/pest-alert-persea-mite-september-12-2013. Accessed 10 Apr 2014
CAC (2014) California avocado commission annual report 2012–2013. http://www.californiaavocadogrowers.com/sites/default/files/documents/2012-13%20CAC%20Annual%20Report%20-%20FINAL.pdf. Accessed 1 Mar 2014
Carman HF, Craft RK (1998) An economic evaluation of California avocado industry marketing programs, 1961–1995. Giannini foundation research report number 345, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources (UCANR), California
Cerna E, Badii MH, Ochoa Y, U Aguirre LA, Landeros J (2009) Tabla de vida de Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Acari: Tetranychidae) en hojas de aguacate (Persea americana Mill) variedad hass, fuerte y criollo. Universidad y Ciencia 25:133–140
Chazeau J (1985) Predaceous insects. In: Helle W, Sabelis MW (eds) Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1B, World crop pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 211–246
Chen H, Morrell PL, Ashworth VETM, De La Cruz M, Clegg MT (2009) Tracing the geographic origins of major avocado cultivars. J Hered 100:56–65
Congdon BD, McMurtry JA (1985) Biosystematics of Euseius on California citrus and avocado with the description of a new species (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Int J Acarol 11:23–30
Cooper WC (1949) The Texas avocado society. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 33:137–138
Crane JH, Douhan G, Faber BA, Arpaia ML, Bender GS, Balerdi CF, Barrientos-Priego AF (2013) Cultivars and rootstocks. In: Schaffer B, Wolstenholme BN, Whiley AW (eds) The avocado: botany, production and uses, 2nd edn. CABI, Boston, pp 201–233
Croft BA, MacRae IV (1993) Biological control of apple mites: impact of Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae) on Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Environ Entomol 22:865–873
Croft BA, Monetti LN, Pratt PD (1998) Comparative life histories and predation types: are Neoseiulus californicus and N. fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) similar type II selective predators of spider mites? Environ Entomol 27:531–538
De Boer JG, Dicke M (2004) The role of methyl salicylate in prey searching behavior of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. J Chem Ecol 30:255–271
Demite PR, McMurtry JA, de Moraes GJ (2014) Phytoseiidae database: a website for taxonomic and distributional information on phytoseiid mites (Acari). Zootaxa 5:571–577
Ebeling W, Pence RJ (1953) Pests of the avocado. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 37:113–133
Ebeling W, Pence RJ (1958) Avocado pests. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 41:25–33
Escudero LA, Ferragut F (2005) Life-history of predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on four spider mite species as prey, with special reference to Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Biol Control 32:378–384
Eskalen A, Stouthamer R, Lynch SC, Rugman-Jones PF, Twizeyimana M, Gonzalez A, Thibault T (2013) Host range of Fusarium dieback and its ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) vector in southern California. Plant Dis 97:938–951
Estrada-Venegas EG, Rodríguez-Navarro S, McMurtry JA (2002) Some avocado mites from Michoacan Mexico. Int J Acarol 28:387–393
FAO (2014) FAOSTAT. http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/Q/QC/E. Accessed 1 Mar 2014
Fleschner CA (1954) Biological control of avocado pests. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 38:125–129
Fleschner CA (1958) Field approach to population studies of tetranychid mites on citrus and avocado in California. In: Baker EC (ed) Proceedings of the tenth international congress of entomology, Montreal, 17–25 Aug 1956
Fleschner CA, Hall JC, Ricker DW (1956a) Natural balance of mite pests in an avocado grove. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 39:155–162
Fleschner CA, Badgley ME, Ricker DW, Hall JC (1956b) Air drift of spider mites. J Econ Entomol 49:624–627
Flint ML, Dreistadt SH (1998) Natural enemies handbook: the illustrated guide to biological pest control. University of California Press, Berkeley
Flores D, Berman D (2012) Mexico: avocado annual production and exports forecast higher. In: USDA foreign agricultural service report number MX2084. http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Avocado%20Annual_Mexico%20City_Mexico_11-26-2012.pdf. Accessed 2 Mar 2014
Gadino AN, Walton VM, Lee JC (2012) Evaluation of methyl salicylate lures on populations of Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and other natural enemies in western Oregon vineyards. Biol Control 63:48–55
Gatehouse JA (2002) Plant resistance towards insect herbivores: a dynamic interaction. New Phytol 156:145–169
Gerson U, Smiley RL, Ochoa R (2003) Mites (Acari) for pest control. Blackwell, Malden
Gilligan TM, Epstein ME (2009) Amorbia cuneana. In: LBAM ID: tools for diagnosing light brown apple moth and related western U.S. leafrollers (Tortricidae: Archipini). Colorado State University, California Department of Food and Agriculture, and Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA, APHIS, PPQ. http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/lep/lbam/Amorbia_cuneana.htm. Accessed 20 Mar 2014
González-Fernández JJ, de la Peña F, Hormaza JI, Boyero JR, Vela JM, Wong E, Trigo MM, Montserrat M (2009) Alternative food improves the combined effect of an omnivore and a predator on biological pest control. A case study in avocado orchards. Bull Entomol Res 99:433–444
Gonzalez-Rodriguez RH (1965) A taxonomic study of the genera Mediolata, Zetzellia and Agistemus (Acarina: Stigmaeidae). Univ Calif Publ Entomol 41:1–64
Griswold HB (1946) The Hass avocado. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 30:27–31
Guanilo AD, de Moraes GJ, Toledo S, Knapp M (2008) Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Argentina, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 1884:1–35
Hernández-Suárez E, Torres-Luis E, López-González AA, Perera-González S, Saavedra-Oliva OL (2010) Evaluación de eficacia de acaricidas y sueltas inundativas de Neoseiulus californicus para el control de la araña cristalina Oligonychus perseae en aguacate. http://www.agrocabildo.org/publica/Publicaciones/frut_299_ara%C3%B1a_cristalina_aguacate.pdf. Accessed 20 Sept 2014
Hoddle MS (2002) Development and reproductive biology of Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): a new avocado pest in California. Bull Entomol Res 92:279–285
Hoddle MS (2003) Phenology of Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies in southern California avocado orchards. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 86:127–145
Hoddle MS (2005) Invasions of leaf feeding arthropods: why are so many new pests attacking California-grown avocados? Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 87:65–81
Hoddle MS, Morse JG (2013) The persea mite invasion into California: history, biology, management and current status. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 95:106–136
Hoddle MS, Aponte O, Kerguelen V, Heraty J (1999) Biological control of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on avocado: I. evaluating release timings, recovery, and efficacy of six commercially available phytoseiids. Int J Acarol 25:211–219
Hoddle MS, Robinson L, Virzi J (2000) Biological control of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on avocado: III. evaluating the efficacy of varying release rates and release frequency of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Int J Acarol 26:203–214
Hoddle MS, Jetter KM, Morse JG (2003) The economic impact of Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on California avocado production. Crop Prot 22:485–493
Hoy MA (2011) Agricultural acarology: introduction to integrated mite management. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Huffaker CB, van de Vrie M, McMurtry JA (1969) The ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural control. Annu Rev Entomol 14:125–174
Jamieson LE, Stevens PS (2007) Development rates, longevity and fecundity of six-spotted mite (Eotetranychus sexmaculatus) at constant temperatures. N Z Plant Prot 60:72–77
Jamieson LE, Stevens PS (2009) Miticides against citrus red mites (Panonychus citri). N Z Plant Prot 62:302–309
Jamieson LE, Charles JG, Stevens PS, McKenna CE, Bawden R (2005) Natural enemies of citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) in citrus orchards. N Z Plant Prot 58:299–305
Jeppson LR, Keifer HH, Baker EW (1975) Mites injurious to economic plants. University of California Press, Berkeley
Kennedy GG, Smitley DR (1985) Dispersal. In: Helle W, Sabelis MW (eds) Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1A, World crop pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 233–242
Kerguelen V, Hoddle MS (1999) Biological control of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on avocado: II. Evaluating the efficacy of Galendromus helveolus and Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Int J Acarol 25:221–229
Kerguelen V, Hoddle MS (2000) Comparison of the susceptibility of several cultivars of avocado to the persea mite, Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Sci Hortic 84:101–114
Lahav E, Lavi U (2013) Genetics and breeding. In: Schaffer B, Wolstenholme BN, Whiley AW (eds) The avocado: botany, production and uses, 2nd edn. CABI, Boston, pp 51–85
Lara JR, Hoddle MS (2013) Sampling guidelines for persea mite in California avocado orchards. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 95:151–173
León Lobos OA (2003) Estudio de los parámetros de vida de Oligonychus yothersi McGregor (Acarina: Tetranychidae) en dos cultivares de palto (Persea americana Mill.), Hass y Fuerte. Dissertation, Austral University of Chile
MAG (2007) Región central oriental: caracterización de la agrocadena de aguacate, zona de los Santos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. http://www.mag.go.cr/bibliotecavirtual/a00076.pdf. Accessed 25 Apr 2014
Maoz Y, Gal S, Argov Y, Coll M, Palevsky E (2011a) Biocontrol of persea mite, Oligonychus perseae, with an exotic spider mite predator and an indigenous pollen feeder. Biol Control 59:147–157
Maoz Y, Gal S, Zilberstein M, Izhar Y, Alchanatis V, Coll M, Palevsky E (2011b) Determining an economic injury level for the persea mite, Oligonychus perseae, a new pest of avocado in Israel. Entomol Exp Appl 138:110–116
McGregor EA (1942) The avocado mite of California, a new species. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 27:68
McGregor EA (1954) Two new mites in the genus Typhlodromus (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Bull South Calif Acad Sci 53:89–92
McKenzie HL (1934) Latest developments in avocado pest control. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 18:33–36
McLean RR (1932) Pest control – the growing problem of the industry. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 16:69–80
McMurtry JA (1989) Utilizing natural enemies to control pest mites on citrus and avocado in California, U.S.A. In: Channabasavanna GP, Viraktamath CA (eds) Progress in acarology. VII international congress of acarology, Bangalore, Aug 1986, vol 2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 325–336
McMurtry JA (1992) The role of exotic natural enemies in the biological control of insect and mite pest of avocado in California. In: Lovatt CJ (ed) The shape of things to come. Proceedings of the second world avocado congress, Orange, Apr 1991, vol 1. University of California, Riverside, pp 247–252
McMurtry JA (1993) Biological control of mites and greenhouse thrips on avocado. In: California avocado research symposium. California Avocado Society and University of California, Riverside. http://www.avocadosource.com/ARAC/SUM_1993/SYMP_1993_PG_76.pdf. Accessed 2 Mar 2014
McMurtry JA, Croft BA (1997) Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control. Annu Rev Entomol 42:291–321
McMurtry JA, Johnson HG (1963) The avocado brown mite in relation to its natural enemies. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 46:76–81
McMurtry JA, Johnson HG (1966) An ecological study of the spider mite Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) and its natural enemies. Hilgardia 37:363–402
McMurtry JA, Johnson HG (1968) Preliminary studies on releasing Stethorus beetles for control of the avocado brown mite. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 51:173–176
McMurtry JA, Scriven GT (1964) Studies on the feeding, reproduction and development of Amblyseius hibisci (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on various food substances. Ann Entomol Soc Am 57:649–655
McMurtry JA, Scriven GT (1965a) Insectary production of phytoseiid mites. J Econ Entomol 58:282–284
McMurtry JA, Scriven GT (1965b) Life-history studies of Amblyseius limonicus, comparative observations on Amblyseius hibisci (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 58:106–111
McMurtry JA, Johnson HC, Gustafson CD (1972) Further studies on control of avocado brown mite with releases of Stethorus picipes. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 55:128–134
McMurtry JA, Johnson HC, Badii MH (1984) Experiments to determine effects of predator releases on populations of Oligonychus punicae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on avocado in California. Entomophaga 29:11–19
McMurtry JA, de Moraes GJ, Johnson HG (1992) Arrestment response of some phytoseiid mites to extracts of Oligonychus punicae, Tetranychus urticae and pollen. Isr J Entomol 25–26:29–34
McMurtry JA, de Moraes GJ, Sourassou NF (2013) Revision of the lifestyles of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and implications for biological control strategies. Syst Appl Acarol 18:297–320
Montserrat M, Guzmán C, Sahún RM, Belda JE, Hormaza JI (2013) Pollen supply promotes, but high temperatures demote, predatory mite abundance in avocado orchards. Agric Ecosyst Environ 164:155–161
Morse JG, Rugman-Jones PF, Watson GW, Robinson LJ, Bi JL, Stouthamer R (2009) High levels of exotic armored scales on imported avocados raise concerns regarding USDA-APHIS’ phytosanitary risk assessment. J Econ Entomol 102:855–867
Mortensen B (2013) Plant resistance against herbivory. Nat Educ Knowl 4:5
Moznette GF (1922) The possibility of transmitting insects on budwood with special reference to the avocado. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 8:56–57
Nakahara S (1997) Scirtothrips perseae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a new species infesting avocado in southern California. Insecta Mundi 11:189–192
Nimet SG, Kumral NA, Sivritepe HO, Seidi M, Susurluk H, Senturk B (2009) Olfactory response of the ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons to two preys and herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Phytoparasitica 37:217–224
Oatman ER, Platner GR (1985) Biological control of two avocado pests. Calif Agric 39:21–23
Ochoa R, Aguilar H, Vargas C (1994) Phytophagous mites of Central America: an illustrated guide. CATIE, Turrialba
Peña JE, Johnson F (1999) Insect management in avocados. http://manatee.ifas.ufl.edu/lawn_and_garden/master-gardener/gardening-manatee-style/a/avocado-insect-management.pdf. Accessed 2 Mar 2014
Peña JE, Hoddle MS, Aluja M, Palevsky E, Ripa R, Wysoki M (2013) Insect and mites pests. In: Schaffer B, Wolstenholme BN, Whiley AW (eds) The avocado: botany, production and uses, 2nd edn. CABI, Boston, pp 423–488
Porres MA, McMurtry JA, March RB (1975) Investigations of leaf sap feeding by three species of phytoseiid mites by labeling with radioactive phosphoric acid (H3 32PO4). Ann Entomol Soc Am 68:871–872
Quayle HJ (1933) The trend of avocado pests and their control. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 17:38–39
Rincón-Hernández CA, Sánchez-Pérez JDLL, Espinosa-García FJ (2011) Caracterización química foliar de los árboles de aguacate criollo (Persea americana var. drymifolia) en los bancos de germoplasma de Michoacán, México. Rev Mex Biodivers 82:395–412
Rounds MB (1947) The Fuerte avocado. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 30:54–56
Rugman-Jones PF, Hoddle MS, Stouthamer R (2008) Population genetics of Scirtothrips perseae: tracing the origin of a recently introduced exotic pest of Californian avocado orchards, using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers. Entomol Exp Appl 124:101–115
Sabelis MW, Dicke M (1985) Long-range dispersal and searching behaviour. In: Helle W, Sabelis MW (eds) Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1B, World crop pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 141–157
Saito Y (1983) The concept of “life types” in Tetranychidae. An attempt to classify the spinning behaviour of Tetranychidae. Acarologia 24:377–391
Sances FV, Toscano NC, Hoffman MP, Lapré LF, Johnson MW, Bailey JB (1982) Physiological responses of avocado leaves to avocado brown mite feeding injury. Environ Entomol 11:516–518
Sánchez Colín S, Mijares Oviedo P, López-López L, Barrientos-Priego AF (2001) Historia del aguacate en México. http://www.avocadosource.com/journals/cictamex/cictamex_1998-2001/CICTAMEX_1998-2001_PG_171-187.pdf. Accessed 1 Mar 2014
Schroeder CA (1959) Avocado materials and observations in Costa Rica, Ecuador and Peru. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 42:72–76
Scriven GT, Fleschner CA (1960) Insectary production of Stethorus species. J Econ Entomol 53:982–985
Shepherd J, Bender G (2002) A history of the avocado industry in California. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 85:29–50
Stern VM, Smith RF, van den Bosch R, Hagen KS (1959) The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29:81–101
Takano-Lee M, Hoddle M (2002) Predatory behaviors of Neoseiulus californicus and Galendromus helveolus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) attacking Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 26:13–26
Tomkins AR (2002) Sustainable management of sixspotted spider mite (Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley)) on Avocados. N Z Avocado Grow Assoc Annu Res Rep 2:1–9
Torres-Gurrola G, Delgado-Lamas G, Espinosa-García FJ (2011) The foliar chemical profile of criollo avocado, Persea americana var. drymifolia (Lauraceae), and its relationship with the incidence of a gall-forming insect, Trioza anceps (Triozidae). Biochem Syst Ecol 39:102–111
Tuttle DM, Baker EW, Abbatiello MJ (1976) Spider mites of Mexico (Acari: Tetranychidae). Intl J Acarol 2:1–102
UCANR (2008) Integrated pest management for avocados, publication 3503. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland
USDA (2014) California historical commodity data. Available via NASS. http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Historical_Data/Avocados.pdf. Accessed 1 Mar 2014
Van Driesche R, Hoddle M, Center T (2008) Control of pests and weeds by natural enemies: an introduction to biological control. Blackwell, Malden
Walter DE, O’Dowd DJ (1992) Leaves with domatia have more mites. Ecology 73:1514–1518
White J (2002) The avocado industry in New Zealand. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 85:77–91
Wolstenholme BN (2013) Ecology: climate and soils. In: Schaffer B, Wolstenholme BN, Whiley AW (eds) The avocado: botany, production and uses, 2nd edn. CABI, Boston, pp 86–117
Woods JL, James DG, Lee JC, Gent DH (2011) Evaluation of airborne methyl salicylate for improved conservation biological control of two-spotted spider mite and hop aphid in Oregon hop yards. Exp Appl Acarol 55:401–416
Yee WL, Phillips PA, Rodgers JL, Faber BA (2001a) Phenology of arthropod pests and associated natural predators on avocado leaves, fruit, and leaf litter in southern California. Environ Entomol 30:892–898
Yee WL, Phillips PA, Faber BA, Rodgers JL (2001b) Relationships between Scirtothrips perseae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations on avocado leaves, fruit, and scarring damage on fruit. Environ Entomol 30:932–938
Zhimo Z, McMurtry JA (1990) Development and reproduction of three Euseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) species in the presence and absence of supplementary foods. Exp Appl Acarol 8:233–242
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lara, J.R., Hoddle, M.S. (2015). Past, Present, and Future: Biological Control of Spider Mites on California-Grown Avocados. In: Carrillo, D., de Moraes, G., Peña, J. (eds) Prospects for Biological Control of Plant Feeding Mites and Other Harmful Organisms. Progress in Biological Control, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15041-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15042-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)