Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Future City Architecture for Optimal Living pp 141–159Cite as

Building Resilient Cities to Climate Change

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Springer Optimization and Its Applications ((SOIA,volume 102))

Abstract

Several publications have been made regarding the state of the environment in cities, especially in light of new challenges such as climate change [1–6]. In particular the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) speaks about the urgent need to build resilient cities to natural hazards and prioritizes the development of resilience plans by local authorities, especially with respect to climate change and the associated impacts to local societies [3]. In the same wavelength, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) [5] refers to the increasing burden to local societies due to climate change and claims that the occurrence of extreme weather events, with the potential to affect cities, has not only increased since its latest assessment [4], but is also estimated to further increase in the following years. IPCC [5] also refers to the impacts of climate change to cities, mostly in terms of the increase of temperature, as well as of the occurrence of tropical days and heat waves. The European Environment Agency (EEA) in its publication on the impacts of climate change [6] also refers to the impact of climate change in the European continent and combines the increase of heat waves in Europe and the spatial and temporal enhancement of thermal heat islands in several European cities, to the urbanization trend in Europe (80 % of the population is expected to live in cities by 2020), and to the vulnerability of the population, especially elderly people.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives.: http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/resilient-cities-hub-site/about-the-global-forum/resilient-cities-2011/ (2011)

  2. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives.: http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/resilient-cities-hub-site/about-the-global-forum/resilient-cities-2012/ (2012)

  3. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives.: http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/resilient-cities-hub-site/about-the-global-forum/resilient-cities-2013/ (2013)

  4. Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change.: In: Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K., Reisinger, A. (eds.) Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 104. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change.: Climate Change 2013 The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  6. European Environment Agency.: Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in Europe 2012 an Indicator-Based Report, Report No 12/2012, p. 300 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Pickett, S.T.A., Cadenasso, M.L., Grove, J.M.: Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic and planning realms. Landsc. Urban Plann. 69, 369–384 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cartalis, C.: Towards resilient cities – a review of definitions, challenges and prospects, advances in building energy research. (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  9. OECD: Environmentally Sustainable Buildings: Challenges and Policies. OECD, Paris (2003)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Berkowitz, A.R., Nilon, C.H., Hollweg, K.S. (eds.): A New Frontier for Science and Education. Springer, New York (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  11. European Commission: An EU strategy on adaptation to climate change. COM 216, 11 (2013). Final

    Google Scholar 

  12. European Environment Agency.: Adaptation in Europe – Addressing Risks and Opportunities from Climate Change in the Context of Socio-Economic Developments, Report No 3/2013, p. 136, (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Tyler, S., Reed, S., Maclune, K., Chopde, S.: Planning for urban climate resilience: framework and examples from the Asian cities climate change resilience network, Boulder, ISET Working Paper, p. 68, (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Baccini, M., Biggeri, A., Accetta, G., Kosatsky, T., Katsouyanni, K., Analitis, A., Anderson, H.R., Bisanti, L., D’Ippoliti, D., Danova, J.: Heat effects on mortality in 15 European cities. Epidemiology 19, 711–719 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Confalonieri, U., Menne, B., Akhtar, R., Ebi, K.L., Hauengue, M., Kovats, R.S., Revich, B., Woodward, A.: Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., Hanson, C.E. (eds.) Human Health. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, pp. 391–431. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Laurent, F., Cassadou, S., Médina, S., Fabres, P., Lefranc, A., Eilstein, D., Le Tertre, A., Pacsal, L., Chardon, B., Blanchard, M., Declercq, C., Jusot, J.F., Prouvost, H., Ledran, M.: The relation between temperature, ozone, and mortality in nine French cities during the heat wave of 2003. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(9), 1344–1347 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hemon, D., Jugla, E.: The heat wave in France in August 2003. Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique 52(1), 3–5 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Santamouris, M., Argiroudis, K., Georgiou, M., Livada, I., Doukas, P., Assimakopoulos, M.N., Sfakianaki, A., Pavlou, K., Geros, V., Papaglastra, M.: Indoor air quality in fifty residences in Athens. Int. J. Vent. 5(4), 367–380 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Henstra, D., Kovacs, P., McBean, G., Sweeting, R.: Background Paper on Disaster Resilient Cities. Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, Toronto/London, ON (2004). http://www.dmrg.org/resources/Henstra.et.al-Background

    Google Scholar 

  20. Santamouris, M. (ed.): Energy and Climate in the Urban Built Environment. James and James Science Publishers, London (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mihalakakou, G., Santamouris, M., Papanikolaou, N., Cartalis, C., Τsagrassoulis, A.: Simulation of the urban heat island phenomenon in Mediterranean climates. J. Pure Appl. Geophys. 161, 429–451 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Stathopoulou, M., Synnefa, A., Cartalis, C., Santamouris, M., Karlessi, T., Akbari, H.: A surface heat island study of Athens using high resolution satellite imagery and measurements of the optical and thermal properties of commonly used building and paving materials. Int. J. Sustain. Energ. 28, 59–76 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lo, C.P., Quattrochi, D.A.: Land-use and land cover change, urban heat island phenomenon, and health implications: a remote sensing approach. Photogramm. Eng. Rem. Sens. 69, 1053–1063 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Statophoulou, M., Cartalis, C., Keramitsoglou, I.: Thermal Remote Sensing of Thom’s Discomfort Index (DI): Comparison with In Situ Measurements. SPIE Symposium, Brugges (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Stathopoulou, M., Cartalis, C., Chrysoulakis, N.: Using midday surface temperature to estimate cooling degree-days from NOAA-AVHRR thermal infrared data: an application for Athens, Greece. Sol. Energ. 80, 414–422 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Polydoros, A., Cartalis, C.: Assessing thermal risk in urban areas – an application for the urban agglomeration of Athens. Adv. Build. Energ. Res. (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Santamouris, M., Kolokotsa, D.: On the impact of urban overheating and extreme climatic conditions on housing energy comfort and environmental quality of vulnerable population in Europe. Energ. Build. In Press (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sakka, A., Santamouris, M., Livada, I., Nicols, F., Wilson, M.: On the thermal performance of low income housing during heat waves. Energ. Build. 49, 69–77 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Santamouris, M., Paraponiaris, K., Mihalakakou, G.: Estimating the ecological footprint of the heat island effect over Athens. Greece Clim. Change 80, 265–276 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Santamouris, M., Cartalis, C., Synnefa, A., Kolokotsa, D.: On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings – a review. Energ. Build. In Press (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Santamouris, M.: On the energy impact of urban overheating on buildings. Energ. Build. 82, 100–113 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hallegate, S., Henriet, F., Corfee-Morlot, J.: The economics of climate change impacts and policy benefits at city scale: a conceptual framework, Environment Working Paper, No. 4, OECD, Paris (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  33. OECD.: Cities, climate change and multilevel governance, Environmental Working Papers, OECD, Paris (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Santamouris, M., Adnot, G. (eds.): Cooling the Cities, Editions des Ecoles des Mines, Paris. Distributed by Eyrolles, France (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., Kolokotsa, D., Dimitriou, V., Apostolakis, K.: Passive cooling of the built environment – use of innovative reflective materials to fight heat island and decrease cooling needs. Int. J. Low Carbon Tech. 3(2), 71–82 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., Karlessi, T.: Using advanced cool materials in the urban built environment to mitigate heat islands and improve thermal comfort conditions. Sol. Energ. 85, 3085–3102 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Synnefa, A., Santamouris, M., Livada, I.: A study of the thermal performance of reflective coatings for the urban environment. Sol. Energ. 80(8), 968–981 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Synnefa, A., Santamouris, M., Apostolaki, K.: On the development, optical properties and thermal performance of cool colored coatings for the urban environment. Sol. Energ. 81, 488–497 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kolokosta, D., Santamouris, M., Zerefos, S.C.: Green and cool roofs’ urban heat island mitigation potential in European climates for office buildings under free floating conditions. Sol. Energ. 95, 118–130 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Karlessi, T., Santamouris, M., Apostolakis, K., Synnefa, A., Livada, I.: Development and testing of thermochromic coatings for buildings and urban structures. Sol. Energ. 83(4), 538–551 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Karlessi, T., Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., Assimakopoulos, D., Didaskalopoulos, P., Apostolakis, K.: Development and testing of PCM doped cool colored coatings to mitigate urban heat island and cool buildings. Build. Environ. 46(3), 570–576 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Santamouris, M.: Using cool pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island — a review of the actual developments. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 26, 224–240 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Santamouris, M., Gaitani, N., Spanou, A., Saliari, M., Gianopoulou, K., Vasilakopoulou, K.: Using cool paving materials to improve microclimate of urban areas – design realisation and results of the Flisvos project. Build. Environ. 53, 128–136 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Santamouris, M.: Cooling the cities – a review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Sol. Energ. 103, 682–703 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sfakianaki, E., Pagalou, E., Pavlou, K., Santamouris, M., Assimakopoulos, M.N.: Theoretical and experimental analysis of the thermal behaviour of a green roof system installed in two residential buildings in Athens, Greece. Int. J. Energ. Res. 33(12), 1059–1069 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Skoulika, F., Santamouris, M., Boemi, N., Kolokotsa, D.: On the thermal characteristics and the mitigation potential of a medium size urban park in Athens, Greece. Landsc. Urban Plann. 123, 73–86 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Santamouris, M., Kolokotsa, D.: Passive cooling dissipation techniques for buildings and other structures: the state of the art review article. Energ. Build. 57, 74–94 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Fintikakis, N., Gaitani, N., Santamouris, M., Assimakopoulos, M., Assimakopoulos, D.N., Fintikaki, M., Albanis, G., Papadimitriou, K., Chryssochoides, E., Katopodi, K., Doumas, P.: Bioclimatic design of open public spaces in the historic centre of Tirana, Albania Original Research Article. Sustain. Cities Soc. 1(1), 54–62 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Chrysoulakis, N., Mitraka, Z., Stathopoulou, M., Cartalis, C.: A comparative analysis of the urban web of the greater Athens agglomeration for the last 20 years period on the basis of Landsat imagery. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 22, 2139–2144 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kamal-Chaoui, L., Alexis, R. (eds.): Competitive Cities and Climate Change, OECD Regional Development Working Papers No 2, 2009, OECD Publishing (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  51. IEA.: World Energy Outlook 2009, OECD/IEA, Paris (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Grazi, F., van den Bergh, J., van Ommeren, J.: An empirical analysis of urban form, transport and global warming. Energ. J. 29(4), 97–122 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Ruth, M., Coelho, D.: Understanding and managing the complexity of urban systems under climate change. Clim. Pol. 7, 317–336 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Council of Europe.: European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Churchmann, A.: Disentangling the concept of density. J. Plan. Lit. 13(4), 389–411 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Tyler, S., Reed, S., Maclune, K., Chopde, S.: Planning for urban climate resilience: framework and examples from the Asian cities climate change resilience network, Boulder, ISET Working Paper, p. 68 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Godschalk D.R.: Urban hazard mitigation: creating resilient cities. Plenary paper presented at the Urban Hazards Forum, John Jay College, City University of New York (2002). http://www.arch.columbia.edu/Studio/Spring2003/UP/Accra/links/GodshalkResilientCities.doc Accessed 22–24 Jan 2002

  58. Santamouris, M., Paravantis, J.A., Founda, D., Kolokotsa, P., Michalakakou, A.M., Papadopoulos, N., Kontoulis, A., Tzavali, E., Stigka, K., Ioannidis, Z., Mexil, P., Matthiessen, A., Servou, E.: Financial crisis and energy consumption: a household survey in Greece. Energ. Build. 65, 477–487 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. United Nations.: Cities and Climate Change: Policy Directions, Global Report on Human Settlements, United Nations Human Settlements Program, Earthscan, London (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Stathopoulou, M., Iacovides S., Cartalis, C.: Quality of life in Metropolitan Athens. Using satellite and census data – comparison between 1991 and 2001. J. Heat Island Inst. Int. (2012)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Matheos Santamouris

  2. Department of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Constantinos Cartalis

Authors
  1. Matheos Santamouris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Constantinos Cartalis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Constantinos Cartalis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability, Singapore

    Stamatina Th. Rassia

  2. Center for Applied Optimization, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Panos M. Pardalos

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Santamouris, M., Cartalis, C. (2015). Building Resilient Cities to Climate Change. In: Rassia, S., Pardalos, P. (eds) Future City Architecture for Optimal Living. Springer Optimization and Its Applications, vol 102. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15030-7_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation