Abstract
The chapter shows that a large part of socio-legal scholarship is focusing on the mobilisation and interpretation of constitutional norms and not on constitution drafting per se. By emphasising the importance of law in action, this research reminds us of the fact that constitution making is not limited to times of constitution drafting but represents a continuous process through which constitutional norms evolve—sometimes in important ways without any formal changes at all. The literature review points to an ongoing debate between demand and supply, between bottom-up perspectives and top-down elite-driven explanations. Uncertainty enters mainly into the latter approach in order to explain the decision of political elites to adopt judicial review and entrench written rights in the national constitution or in order to understand why national governments are willing to tie their own hands by adhering to international rights institutions. Electoral uncertainty is used to explain why elites would transfer power to other institutions through judicial review and entrenching rights. In this perspective, the spread of constitutional review and rights protection around the globe needs to be primarily explained on the basis of an analysis of political and economic power relations at the national and international level. Demand-side and bottom-up explanations do not negate the important role of elites in these processes, but emphasise preceptorial power and how changing ideas and values ultimately allow for explaining the global spread of rights protection. The literature on the proliferation of human rights reveals that the focus on the national level provides a too limited perspective. Processes of diffusion are important in terms of the types of rights and the extent to which human rights are entrenched in national constitutions.
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Notes
- 1.
Going beyond constitution making on the national level and adherence to international treaties, comparative research also analyses to what extent such changes in formal institutions make a difference in terms of actual right protection. This chapter, however, will not engage with this part of the debate as it is too far removed from the interest on constitution drafting and would request a thorough debate on theories of compliance in supra- and international law.
- 2.
Popova’s research on post-communist countries, however, shows that this assumption does not work for lower courts (2012).
- 3.
The debate about the transformation of regulatory styles in the USA and Europe is not situated on the level of constitution drafting but rather on the level of policy formulation and implementation and will therefore not be discussed in more detail here.
- 4.
As international relations scholars are well aware of, there is abundant debate between such more constructivist traditions of research versus realist approaches in IR. However, this is not the object of this chapter.
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Allison, C.R. (2015). Law in Books Versus Law in Action: A Review of the Socio-legal Literature. In: Imbeau, L., Jacob, S. (eds) Behind a Veil of Ignorance?. Studies in Public Choice, vol 32. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14953-0_3
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