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FRET Microscopy: Basics, Issues and Advantages of FLIM-FRET Imaging

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Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Applications

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Chemical Physics ((CHEMICAL,volume 111))

Abstract

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an effective and high resolution method to investigate protein–protein interaction in live or fixed specimens. The FRET technique is increasingly employed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms governing diverse cellular processes such as vesicular transport, signal transduction and the regulation of gene expression. For FRET to occur, protein moieties should be close together within 10 nm, the dipole moment of the fluorophore targeted to the proteins should have an appropriate orientation, and the spectral overlap of the donor emission with the acceptor absorption should be >30 %. FRET can be used to estimate the distance between interacting protein molecules in vivo or in vitro using light microscopy systems. Visible fluorescent proteins (VFPs) have been widely used as a FRET pair in addition to organic dyes. Light microscopy techniques including wide-field, confocal and multiphoton microscopy systems provide spatial information of the interacting proteins with nanometer resolution. For better interpretation and quantitation of the FRET signal the contaminations—also called spectral bleedthrough (SBT)—have to be removed. Another imaging approach, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) also provides quantitative information with spatial and temporal details of protein-protein interactions. No algorithm is required here to remove any contamination, as in FLIM-FRET only the change in lifetime value of the donor without and with the acceptor molecules is monitored. The lifetime of the donor decreases at the occurrence of FRET. FLIM is sensitive to the local microenvironment of the molecule but insensitive to the change in fluorophore concentration or excitation intensity. The FLIM-FRET technique is ideal for dark acceptors and the investigation of NADH molecules such as NADH, FAD, Tryptophan, etc. FLIM-FRET techniques provide high temporal resolution of protein-protein interactions in live specimens.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the funding from National Institutes of Health (HL101871 & OD016446) and the University of Virginia. We would like to thank Mr. Horst Wallrabe for his suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. W.M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Ammasi Periasamy

  2. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Nirmal Mazumder & Kathryn G. Christopher

  3. University of Virginia, Biology, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA

    Yuansheng Sun

  4. Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Richard N. Day

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  1. Ammasi Periasamy
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    Wolfgang Becker

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Periasamy, A., Mazumder, N., Sun, Y., Christopher, K.G., Day, R.N. (2015). FRET Microscopy: Basics, Issues and Advantages of FLIM-FRET Imaging. In: Becker, W. (eds) Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Applications. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 111. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14929-5_7

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