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Dietary Restriction, Dietary Design and the Epigenetics of Aging and Longevity

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Book cover Nutrition, Exercise and Epigenetics: Ageing Interventions

Part of the book series: Healthy Ageing and Longevity ((HAL,volume 2))

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Abstract

As the mechanisms of long-term control of gene expression, it would seem that the various aspects of epigenetics would be important for, even determinants of, aging and longevity . Yet few data connect these directly. Epigenetics changes with age; in particular DNA methylation and histone acetylation have been well studied. For humans, a DNA methylation based “epigenetic clock ” has been developed to track the apparent chronological age of people, tissues, stem cells and cancers. Histone acetylation is important for maintaining cognitive memory in animals and restoration of histone acetylation improves memory in older animals. Several aspects of diet and metabolism affect epigenetics. These include the effects of glucose on histone acetylation and methylation, the effects of acetyl-coenzyme A and energy metabolism on histone acetylation, natural histone deacetylase inhibitors found in foods such as broccoli and garlic affecting histone acetylation and DNA methylation, and the effects of methyl metabolism and nutrients such as folate on DNA and histone methylation. Models of greatly extended longevity should be studied for epigenetics to test if epigenetics are preserved when longevity is extended and then studies to manipulate epigenetics in these models should be done to measure their effects on longevity.

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Abbreviations

Ac:

Acetyl group

AcCoA:

Acetyl-coenzyme A

AGE:

Advanced glycation end products

AMPK:

AMP activated protein kinase

BHB:

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate

CR:

Calorie restriction

DCCT:

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial

DIM:

Diindolylmethane

DNMT:

DNA methyltransferase

DR:

Dietary restriction

EDIC:

Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications

ERV:

Endogenous retrovirus

H3K4:

H3 histone tail lysine 4

H3K9:

H3 histone tail lysine 9

H4K12:

H4 histone tail lysine 12

HAT:

Histone acetyltransferase

HbA1c:

Glycated hemoglobin used as a measure of long-term average blood glucose levels

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

HDACI:

Histone deacetylase inhibitor

HERV-K:

Human endogenous retrovirus virus K

HMT:

Histone methyltransferase

IAP:

Intracisternal A particle

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cell

L1:

LINE1

LINE1:

Long interspersed nuclear element 1

L1Md:

An L1 sequence of mice

LSD1:

Lysine-specific demethylase 1

LTR:

Long terminal repeat

MS-275:

Entinostat (an HDACI)

MuERV:

Murine endogenous retrovirus

NFkB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells

p65:

Transcription factor p65 encoded by the RELA gene

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation end products

RTG:

Yeast genes important in communication between the mitochondria and nucleus

SAH:

S-adenosylhomocysteine

SAHA:

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid

SAM:

S-adenosylmethionine

Set7:

Enzyme that methylates lysine residues (e.g. on histones)

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid (cycle) or Krebs cycle

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  1. Research and Development, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System (CAVHS), 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205-5484, USA

    Craig A. Cooney

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  1. Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

    Byung Pal Yu

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Cooney, C.A. (2014). Dietary Restriction, Dietary Design and the Epigenetics of Aging and Longevity. In: Yu, B. (eds) Nutrition, Exercise and Epigenetics: Ageing Interventions. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14830-4_2

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