Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Acute Cholecystitis pp 159–168Cite as

Indications for and Considerations Surrounding Interval Cholecystectomy

  • Chapter

  • 3006 Accesses

Abstract

The management strategies involving acute cholecystitis have evolved over time. Prior to 1970, management of acute cholecystitis included initial treatment of the inflammation with antibiotics if clinically feasible and time followed by elective open removal of the gallbladder 4–6 weeks after the acute episode. In the 1970s and 1980s, this paradigm began to change and early cholecystectomy became the treatment of choice. This approach allowed early cessation of the patient’s pain, a decreased length of stay, and a minimization of the complications associated with failed nonoperative management. Supporting this approach, studies demonstrated no difference in the amount of hemorrhage or the duration of surgery when compared to delayed open cholecystectomy [1–7].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. McArthur P, Cuschieri A, Sells RA, Shields R. Controlled clinical trial comparing early with interval cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 1975;62(10):850–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yamashita Y, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Pitt HA, Gouma DJ, Garden OJ, Büchler MW, Gomi H, Dervenis C, Windsor JA, Kim SW, de Santibanes E, Padbury R, Chen XP, Chan AC, Fan ST, Jagannath P, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Miura F, Tsuyuguchi T, Itoi T, Supe AN, Tokyo Guideline Revision Committee. TG13 surgical management of acute cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2013;20(1):89–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lahtinen J, Alhava EM, Aukee S. Acute cholecystitis treated by early and delayed surgery. a controlled clinical trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1978;13:673–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Jarvinen HJ, Hastbacka J. Early cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 1980;191:501–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Norrby S, Herlin P, Holmin T, Sjodahl R, Tagesson C. Early or delayed cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis? A clinical trial. Br J Surg. 1983;70:163–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. van der Linden W, Sunzel H. Early versus delayed operation for acute cholecystitis. A controlled clinical trial. Am J Surg. 1970;120:7–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. van der Linden W, Edlund G. Early versus delayed cholecystectomy: the effect of a change in management. Br J Surg. 1981;68:753–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cuschieri A, Dubois F, Mouiel J, Mouret P, Becker H, Buess G, Trede M, Troidl H. The European experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 1991;161(3):385–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Strasberg SM, Hertl M, Soper NJ. An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;180(1):101–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gutt CN, Encke J, Köninger J, Harnoss JC, Weigand K, Kipfmüller K, Schunter O, Götze T, Golling MT, Menges M, Klar E, Feilhauer K, Zoller WG, Ridwelski K, Ackmann S, Baron A, Schön MR, Seitz HK, Daniel D, Stremmel W, Büchler MW. Acute cholecystitis: early versus delayed cholecystectomy, a multicenter randomized trial (ACDC study, NCT00447304). Ann Surg. 2013;258(3):385–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kiviluoto T, Siren J, Luukkonen P, Kivilaakso E. Randomized trial of laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for acute and gangrenous cholecystitis. Lancet. 1998;351:321–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Berrgren U, Gordh T, Grama D, Haglund U, Rastad J, Arvidsson D. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy: hospitalization, sick leave, analgesia and trauma responses. Br J Surg. 1994;81:1362–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zacks SL, Sandler RS, Rutledge R, Brown RS. A population based cohort study comparing laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:334–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Flowers JL, Bailey RW, Scovill WA, Zucker KA. The Baltimore experience with laparoscopic management of acute cholecystitis. Am J Surg. 1991;161:388–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Fusai G, Davidson BR. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for uncomplicated biliary colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6, CD007196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Salman B, Yüksel O, Irkörücü O, Akyürek N, Tezcaner T, Doğan I, Erdem O, Tatlicioğlu E. Urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the best management for biliary colic. A prospective randomized study of 75 cases. Dig Surg. 2005;22(1-2):95–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. de Mestral C, Rotstein OD, Laupacis A, Hoch JS, Zagorski B, Nathens AB. A population-based analysis of the clinical course of 10,304 patients with acute cholecystitis, discharged without cholecystectomy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74(1):26–30. discussion 30–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lo CM, Liu CL, Fan ST, Lai CS, Wong J. Prospective randomized study of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Ann Surg. 1998;227:461Y467.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Johansson M, Thune A, Blomqvist A, Nelvin L, Lundell L. Management of acute cholecystitis in the laparoscopic era: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7(5):642–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cameron IC, Chadwick C, Phillips J, Johnson AG. Acute cholecystitis—room for improvement? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002;84(1):10–3.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Riall TS, Zhang D, Townsend Jr CM, Kuo YF, Goodwin JS. Failure to perform cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in elderly patients is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(5):668–77. 5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nealon WH, Bawduniak J, Walser EM. Appropriate timing of cholecystectomy in patients who present with moderate to severe gallstone-associated acute pancreatitis with peripancreatic fluid collections. Ann Surg. 2004;239:741–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Working Group IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines. IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2013;13(4 Suppl 2):e1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS, American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(9):1400–15. 9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology, Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Association of Upper GI Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut. 2005;54(3):iii1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  26. van Baal MC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, van Santvoort HC, Schaapherder AF, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Gooszen HG, van Ramshorst B, Boerma D, Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. Timing of cholecystectomy after mild biliary pancreatitis: a systematic review. Ann Surg. 2012;255(5):860–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bouwense SA, Besselink MG, van Brunschot S, Bakker OJ, van Santvoort HC, Schepers NJ, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Bosscha K, Brink MA, Bruno MJ, Consten EC, Dejong CH, van Duijvendijk P, van Eijck CH, Gerritsen JJ, van Goor H, Heisterkamp J, de Hingh IH, Kruyt PM, Molenaar IQ, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Rosman C, Schaapherder AF, Scheepers JJ, Spanier MB, Timmer R, Weusten BL, Witteman BJ, van Ramshorst B, Gooszen HG, Boerma D. Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. Pancreatitis of biliary origin, optimal timing of cholecystectomy (PONCHO trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012;13:225.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lupinacci RM, Nadal LR, Rego RE, Dias AR, Marcari RS, Lupinacci RA, Farah JF. Surgical management of gallbladder disease in the very elderly: are we operating them at the right time? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(3):380–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Marcari RS, Lupinacci RM, Nadal LR, Rego RE, Coelho AM, Farah JFM. Outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in octogenarians. JSLS. 2012;16:271–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kirshtein B, Bayme M, Bolotin A, Mizrahi S, Lantsberg L. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in the elderly: is it safe? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2008;18(4):334–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. do Amaral PC, Azaro Filho Ede M, Galvão TD, Ettinger JE, Silva Reis JM, Lima M, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in elderly patients. JSLS. 2006;10:479–83.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Coenye KE, Jourdain S, Mendes da Costa P. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in the elderly: a retrospective study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52:17–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. McGillicuddy EA, Schuster KM, Barre K, Suarez L, Hall MR, Kaml GJ, Davis KA, Longo WE. Non-operative management of acute cholecystitis in the elderly. Br J Surg. 2012;99(9):1254–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wiseman JT, Sharuk MN, Singla A, Cahan M, Litwin DE, Tseng JF, Shah SA. Surgical management of acute cholecystitis at a tertiary care center in the modern era. Arch Surg. 2010;145(5):439–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Melloul E, Denys A, Demartines N, Calmes JM, Schäfer M. Percutaneous drainage versus emergency cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients: does it matter? World J Surg. 2011;35(4):826–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Anderson JE, Chang DC, Talamini MA. A nationwide examination of outcomes of percutaneous cholecystostomy compared with cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis, 1998-2010. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(9):3406–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Winbladh A, Gullstrand P, Svanvik J, Sandström P. Systematic review of cholecystostomy as a treatment option in acute cholecystitis. HPB (Oxford). 2009;11(3):183–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Barie PS, Eachempati SR. Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010;39(2):343–57. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2010.02.012. 2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Li M, Li N, Ji W, Quan Z, Wan X, Wu X, Li J. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is a definitive treatment for acute cholecystitis in elderly high-risk patients. Am Surg. 2013;79(5):524–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kortram K, van Ramshorst B, Bollen TL, Besselink MG, Gouma DJ, Karsten T, Kruyt PM, Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Kelder JC, Tromp E, Boerma D. Acute cholecystitis in high risk surgical patients: percutaneous cholecystostomy versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CHOCOLATE trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012;13:7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gupta PK, Gupta H, Sundaram A, Kaushik M, Fang X, Miller WJ, Esterbrooks DJ, Hunter CB, Pipinos II, Johanning JM, Lynch TG, Forse RA, Mohiuddin SM, Mooss AN. Development and validation of a risk calculator for prediction of cardiac risk after surgery. Circulation. 2011;124(4):381–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, Southwick FS, Krogstad D, Murray B, Burke DS, O’Malley TA, Goroll AH, Caplan CH, Nolan J, Carabello B, Slater EE. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:845–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cook EF, Sugarbaker DJ, Donaldson MC, Poss R, Ho KK, Ludwig LE, Pedan A, Goldman L. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100:1043–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Detsky AS, Abrams HB, McLaughlin JR, Drucker DJ, Sasson Z, Johnston N, Scott JG, Forbath N, Hilliard JR. Predicting cardiac complications in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. J Gen Intern Med. 1986;1:211–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Davenport DL, Ferraris VA, Hosokawa P, Henderson WG, Khuri SF, Mentzer Jr RM. Multivariable predictors of postoperative cardiac adverse events after general and vascular surgery: results from the Patient Safety in Surgery Study. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204:1199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Livhits M, Ko CY, Leonardi MJ, Zingmond DS, Gibbons MM, de Virgilio C. Risk of surgery following recent myocardial infarction. Ann Surg. 2011;253(5):857–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery), American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society for Vascular Surgery, Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof E, Fleischmann KE, Freeman WK, Froehlich JB, Kasper EK, Kersten JR, Riegel B, Robb JF, Smith Jr SC, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing committee to revise the 2002 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery). Anesth Analg. 2008;106(3):685–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Markus HS. Cerebral perfusion and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:353–61.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Aries MJ, Elting JW, De Keyser J, Kremer BP, Vroomen PC. Cerebral autoregulation in stroke: a review of transcranial Doppler studies. Stroke. 2010;41(11):2697–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jørgensen ME, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, Jensen PF, Berger SM, Christiansen CB, Overgaard C, Schmiegelow MD, Andersson C. Time elapsed after ischemic stroke and risk of adverse cardiovascular events and mortality following elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 2014;312(3):269–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Papaioannou CC, Hunder GG, Lie JT. Vasculitis of the gallbladder in a 70 year old man with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 1979;6:71–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ini K, Inada H, Satoh M, et al. Hemorrhagic acalculous cholecystitis associated with hemodialysis. Surgery. 2002;132:903.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Smith JP, Bodai BI. Empyema of the gallbladder-potential consequence of medical intensive care. Crit Care Med. 1982;10:451–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lillemoe KD, Pitt HA, Kaufman SL, et al. Acute cholecystitis occurring as a complication of percutaneous transhepatic drainage. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989;168:348–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Topeli A, Demiroglu H, Dundar S. Acalculous cholecystitis in patients with acute leukaemia. Br J Clin Pract. 1996;50:224–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wiboltt KS, Jeffrey Jr JB. Acalculous cholecystitis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Eur J Surg. 1997;163:519–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Sanda RB. Acute acalculous cholecystitis after trauma: the role of microcirculatory hypoxia and cellular hypoxia. South Med J. 2008;101:1087–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hagino RT, Valentine RJ, Clagett GP. Acalculous cholecystitis after aortic reconstruction. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;184:245–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Leitman IM, Paull DE, Barie PS, et al. Intraabdominal complications of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1987;165:251–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hakala T, Nuuiten PJ, Ruokonen ET, et al. Microangiopathy in acute acalculous cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 1997;84:1249–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Donati A, Ruzzi M, Adrario E, et al. A new and feasible model for predicting operative risk. Br J Anaesth. 2004;93:393–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis Medical Center, 2315 Stockton, Room 4206, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA

    Christine S. Cocanour M.D., F.A.C.S., F.C.C.M. & Ian E. Brown M.D., Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Christine S. Cocanour M.D., F.A.C.S., F.C.C.M.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ian E. Brown M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christine S. Cocanour M.D., F.A.C.S., F.C.C.M. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA

    Soumitra R. Eachempati

  2. Department of Surgery, Indiana University Acute Care Surgery, Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    R. Lawrence Reed, II

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cocanour, C.S., Brown, I.E. (2015). Indications for and Considerations Surrounding Interval Cholecystectomy. In: Eachempati, S., Reed, II, R. (eds) Acute Cholecystitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14824-3_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14824-3_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14823-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14824-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation