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Host and Environmental Influences on Development of Disease

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Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development

Abstract

While many myxozoan parasites produce asymptomatic infections in fish hosts, several species cause diseases whose patterns of prevalence and pathogenicity are highly dependent on host and environmental factors. This chapter reviews how these factors influence pathogenicity and disease prevalence. Influential host factors include age, size and nutritional state. There is also strong evidence for host strains that vary in resistance to infection and that there is a genetic basis for resistance. A lack of co-evolutionary processes appears to generally underly the devastating impacts of diseases caused by myxozoans when introduced fish are exposed to novel parasites (e.g. PKD in rainbow trout in Europe) or when native fish are exposed to an introduced parasite (e.g. whirling disease in North America). Most available information on abiotic factors relates to water temperature, which has been shown to play a crucial role in several host parasite systems (e.g. whirling disease, PKD) and is therefore of concern in view of global warming, fish health and food sustainability. Eutrophication may also influence disease development. Abiotic factors may also drive fish disease via their impact on parasite development in invertebrate hosts.

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Acknowledgments

Studies dealing with T. bryosalmonae in the salmonid host were supported financially by the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) and the Fishery Authorities, Bern, Switzerland.

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  1. Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, P.O. Box 8466, 3001, Bern, Switzerland

    Heike Schmidt-Posthaus & Thomas Wahli

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  1. Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
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Correspondence to Heike Schmidt-Posthaus .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

    Beth Okamura

  2. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

    Alexander Gruhl

  3. Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    Jerri L. Bartholomew

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Schmidt-Posthaus, H., Wahli, T. (2015). Host and Environmental Influences on Development of Disease. In: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J. (eds) Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_15

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