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Ecology and Evolution of Malacosporean-Bryozoan Interactions

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Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development

Abstract

The discovery that freshwater bryozoans are hosts of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the malacosporean causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids prompted a flurry of research on the ecology of malacosporeans and their interactions with bryozoan hosts. This chapter provides an overview of malacosporean-bryozoan interactions by discussing effects of parasitism on host fitness and strategies of host exploitation through virulent overt and avirulent covert infections. Evidence for host-condition dependent development and substantial levels of vertical transmission in bryozoan propagules (statoblasts) and colony fragments suggests virulence strategies that are closely tied to clonal reproduction in bryozoan hosts. Although there is evidence for T. bryosalmonae strain variation and host specificity, there is much scope for examining patterns of infection in relation to host clonality and local adaptation. The development of overt infections in bryozoans in good condition suggests that environmental change (e.g. warmer temperatures, eutrophication) will entail changes in malacosporean-bryozoan interactions which may, in turn, relate to disease emergence in fish.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge funding from the following sources in support of research conducted over many years on bryozoan-malacosporean interactions and the metapopulation biology of freshwater bryozoans: the Natural Environment Research Council (GR9/04271; GR3/11068; GR3/09956; NER/A/S/1999/00075; NER/B/S/2000/00336; NER/S/A/2004/12399; NE/019227/1, The European Commission Marie Curie Fellowship project FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IEF—252159—Bryozoa, Action for Invertebrates, the Environment Agency, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, the University of Reading, Defra (contract FC1112), the Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F003242/1), Test Valley Trout, Ltd., Trafalgar Fisheries and the Natural History Museum, London.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK

    Hanna Hartikainen & Beth Okamura

  2. Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich and Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland

    Hanna Hartikainen

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  1. Hanna Hartikainen
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Correspondence to Hanna Hartikainen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

    Beth Okamura

  2. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

    Alexander Gruhl

  3. Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    Jerri L. Bartholomew

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Hartikainen, H., Okamura, B. (2015). Ecology and Evolution of Malacosporean-Bryozoan Interactions. In: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J. (eds) Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_11

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