Abstract
Current classification systems for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis lack information on how the spine is deformed in three dimensions (3D), which can mislead further treatment recommendations. We propose an approach to address this issue by a deep learning method for the classification of 3D spine reconstructions of patients. A low-dimensional manifold representation of the spine models was learnt by stacked auto-encoders. A K-Means++ algorithm using a probabilistic seeding method clustered the low-dimensional codes to discover sub-groups in the studied population. We evaluated the method with a case series analysis of 155 patients with Lenke Type-1 thoracic spinal deformations recruited at our institution. The clustering algorithm proposed 5 sub-groups from the thoracic population, yielding statistically significant differences in clinical geometric indices between all clusters. These results demonstrate the presence of 3D variability within a pre-defined 2D group of spinal deformities.
Supported by the CHU Sainte-Justine Academic Research Chair in Spinal Deformities, the Canada Research Chair in Medical Imaging and Assisted Interventions, the 3D committee of the Scoliosis Research Society, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the MEDITIS program.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arthur, D., Vassilvitskii, S.: k-means++: The advantages of careful seeding. In: Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on discrete algorithms. pp. 1027–1035. Society for industrial and applied mathematics (2007)
Bengio, Y., Courville, A., Vincent, P.: Representation learning: A review and new perspectives. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence (2013)
Bergstra, J., Breuleux, O., Bastien, F., Lamblin, P., Pascanu, R., Desjardins, G., Turian, J., Warde-Farley, D., Bengio, Y.: Theano: a CPU and GPU math expression compiler. In: Proceedings of the Python for scientific computing conference (SciPy) (2010)
Duong, L., Cheriet, F., Labelle, H.: Three-dimensional classification of spinal deformities using fuzzy clustering. Spine 31(8), 923–930 (2006)
Duong, L., Cheriet, F., Labelle, H.: Three-dimensional subclassification of lenke type 1 scoliotic curves. J. Spinal Disord. and Tech. 22(2), 135–143 (2009)
Hinton, G., Salakhutdinov, R.: Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science (New York) 313(5786), 504–507 (2006)
Kadoury, S., Labelle, H.: Classification of three-dimensional thoracic deformities in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from a multivariate analysis. Euro. Spine J. 21(1), 40–49 (2012)
King, H.A., Moe, J.H., Bradford, D.S., Winter, R.B.: The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. J. Bone and Jt. Surg. 65(9), 1302–1313 (1983)
Labelle, H., Aubin, C.E., Jackson, R., Lenke, L., Newton, P., Parent, S.: Seeing the spine in 3d: how will it change what we do? J. Pediatr. Orthop. 31, S37–S45 (2011)
Lenke, L., Betz, R., Harms, J., Bridwell, K., Clements, D., Lowe, T., Blanke, K.: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. bf 83-A(8), 1169–1181 (2001)
van der Maaten, L.J., Postma, E.O., van den Herik, H.J.: Dimensionality reduction: A comparative review. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 10(1–41), 66–71 (2009)
Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M., Duchesnay, E.: Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825–2830 (2011)
Pomero, V., Mitton, D., Laporte, S., de Guise, J.A., Skalli, W.: Fast accurate stereoradiographic 3d-reconstruction of the spine using a combined geometric and statistic model. Clin. Biomech. 19(3), 240–247 (2004)
Ray, S., Turi, R.H.: Determination of number of clusters in k-means clustering and application in colour image segmentation. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on advances in pattern recognition and digital techniques. pp. 137–143 (1999)
Sangole, A.P., Aubin, C., Labelle, H., Stokes, I.A.F., Lenke, L.G., Jackson, R., Newton, P.: Three-dimensional classification of thoracic scoliotic curves. Spine 34(1), 91–99 (2009)
Stokes, I.A., Bigalow, L.C., Moreland, M.S.: Measurement of axial rotation of vertebrae in scoliosis. Spine 11(3), 213–218 (1986)
Stokes, I.A., Sangole, A.P., Aubin, C.E.: Classification of scoliosis deformity 3-d spinal shape by cluster analysis. Spine 34(6), 584–590 (2009)
Vincent, P., Larochelle, H., Bengio, Y., Manzagol, P.A.: Extracting and composing robust features with denoising autoencoders. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on machine learning. pp. 1096–1103. ACM (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thong, W.E., Labelle, H., Shen, J., Parent, S., Kadoury, S. (2015). Stacked Auto-encoders for Classification of 3D Spine Models in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. In: Yao, J., Glocker, B., Klinder, T., Li, S. (eds) Recent Advances in Computational Methods and Clinical Applications for Spine Imaging. Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14148-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14148-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14147-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14148-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)