Abstract
The use of topical chemotherapy is well established in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. The same urothelial surface is present in the upper tract and has stimulated interest in treating patients in the same manner with access via an antegrade nephrostomy tube or retrograde ureteral catheter or double pigtail stent. Bacillus Calmette- Guérin (BCG) has been most widely investigated with promising results for treatment of primary CIS. It has also been used in the adjuvant setting after endoscopic treatment along with mitomycin-C, thiotepa and interferon-α2. The comparative rarity of UTUC has led to a small body of evidence from which to draw meaningful conclusions. Further, prospective randomised studies are required to better define treatment benefit, side effects and optimal follow-up schedule.
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Henderson, J.M., Keeley, F.X. (2015). Topical Chemotherapy. In: Grasso III, M., Bagley, D. (eds) Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13869-5_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13869-5_7
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