Abstract
One of the main challenges in endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma is the complicated anatomy and the small size of the upper urinary tract, resulting in high demands on the armamentarium and expertise of the urologist. Difficulties to reach the complete collecting system could result in an incomplete visual inspection.
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Acknowledgements
The authors like to thank Prof. O. Traxer, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Tenon Hospital, France, for generously providing the confocal laser endomicroscopy images.
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Bus, M.T.J., de Bruin, D.M., Kamphuis, G.M., de Reijke, T.M., de la Rosette, J.J.M.C.H. (2015). Beyond Endoscopy-Ultrasound, Optical Coherence Tomography and Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy. In: Grasso III, M., Bagley, D. (eds) Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13869-5_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13869-5_12
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