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MicroRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Inflammation pp 3–19Cite as

The Biology of MicroRNA

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Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules involved in mRNA regulation at a post-transcriptional level. The first miRNA was discovered in 1993, and since then many branches of research have been explored to fully understand the miRNA world. Studies regarding the biogenesis process have highlighted different pathways according to miRNA gene localization, although the biochemical mechanism is not completely clear yet. In animals, miRNAs act mainly as negative regulators through translation inhibition, but recent evidence has shown their ability to stimulate mRNA degradation through recruiting decapping enzymes and nucleases. The “canonical” binding site of miRNAs is located within the 3′UTR of the mRNA target, but the coding sequence and the 5′UTR can also be bound by miRNAs. Although they mainly play a negative role at a post-transcriptional level, a few miRNAs have been reported to actually enhance mRNA expression. Altered patterns of miRNAs, due to genetic alterations, defects in the biogenesis process, epigenetic modification or aberrant expression of miRNA genes, are associated with many pathological contexts, including cancer and inflammatory diseases. Although the wider world of small RNAs has to be further explored, these regulators have already been shown to play a crucial role in all biological processes.

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  1. Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    Chiara de Santi & Catherine M. Greene

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  1. Chiara de Santi
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    Catherine M. Greene

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de Santi, C., Greene, C.M. (2015). The Biology of MicroRNA. In: Greene, C. (eds) MicroRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Inflammation. Progress in Inflammation Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13689-9_1

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