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Subaqueous Salts: Salinas and Perennial Lakes

  • Chapter
Evaporites

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Abstract

Ancient shoalwater platform (saltern) and deepwater (slope and basin) evaporites are dominantly subaqueous precipitates, and, as for the mudflats and pan settings discussed in the previous chapter, when we seek equivalence in the Quaternary record we find our marine-fed choices are limited both in number and scale (Fig. 4.1; Table 4.1). If we consider all nonmarine and marine saline perennial water masses in modern systems as suitable for discussion in this chapter then, as well examples of larger saline perennial lakes, such as Great Salt Lake and Lake Urmia, we must include the feeder-edge brine pools to some larger saline pans and lakes, such as pools or moat facies to lakes Magadi and Natron, and some centripetal depressions to the Turkish lakes such as in Acigolu. In Chap. 12 subaqueous cryogenic continental examples discussed include Karabogazgol and various mirabilite lakes on the Canadian plains. I also arbitrarily split out of this chapter some examples of the larger continental saline pans with feeder pools. This latter group, including most of the South American salars, were discussed in the preceding chapter. Following a similar reasoning, if the bulk of the Holocene column in a lake is dominated by subaqueous textures, then I include it in this chapter, even though Holocene aggradation has moved uppermost part of the Holocene column into a sabkha setting, as in many modern gypsum-filled coastal salinas in southern and western Australia.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Use of the term gypsite by Logan and coworkers to describe a unit that is laminated and dominated by sand-sized gypsum prisms is unfortunate. Outside of the University of Western Australia, the use of the term gypsite follows general sedimentological usage to define a very fine grained silt or mud-sized sediment (pelite, micrite, etc.).

  2. 2.

    In the early 1930s, Lake Urmia was called Lake Rezaiyeh after Reza Shah Pahlavi. In the late 1970s, after the Islamic revolution, the Government of Iran reverted to calling the lake by its previous name – Lake Urmia. Lake Urmia’s ancient Persian name, however, was Chichast (meaning glittering), a reference to the glittering evaporitic salts suspended in the lake water and its shores. In the medieval times the lake came to be known as Lake Kabuda, meaning azure in Persian.

  3. 3.

    South of Lake Natron, within an ephemeral channel of the Engare Sero River, 120 ka hominid footprints are preserved in a tuff bed. It preserves the oldest modern human trackway in East Africa and one of the largest collections of hominid footprints in the world, giving an indication of the size of foraging parties of early modern humans (Richmond et al. 2011; Zimmer et al. 2012).

  4. 4.

    Use of fluoride-rich trona (from the East African rift) as a food tenderiser has led to widespread fluorosis (mottled teeth and skeletal fluorosis) in the local population (Vuhahula et al. 2009; Rango et al. 2009).

  5. 5.

    Colloid grains in a silicasol are minute (10–20 nm) and so have relatively large specific surface areas, making them highly responsive to changing brine chemistries.

  6. 6.

    Solute proportions of the waters of the Dead Sea are relatively rich in calcium, magnesium, potassium and bromine, and relatively poor in sodium, sulphate and carbonate, thus are significantly different from those of modern seawater (Table 4.4). Strictly speaking, in view of the peculiar chemical composition of its waters, the accepted definition of “salinity” based on seawater ionic proportions does not apply to the waters of the Dead Sea and it has been replaced by an “equivalent salinity” based on pycnometry (Anati 1999; Gertman and Hecht 2002) and referred to as “quasi-salinity.” Thus, quasi-salinity is defined as the Dead Sea water density anomaly from 1,000 kg/m3 at an arbitrary reference temperature of 25 °C. For the sake of comparison, a quasi-salinity of 235 kg/m3 is the equivalent of 280 ‰.

  7. 7.

    The Ancient Egyptians used Dead Sea asphalt in the mummification process. The word “mummy” comes from the Arabic word “mummiyah,” which means asphalt. Mummiyah also has what are considered by some to be medicinal properties (Nissenbaum et al. 2002).

  8. 8.

    Lisan is Arabic for tongue and describes the shape of the Lisan Peninsula where the type section was measured.

  9. 9.

    There is the report in the 27th chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament that an earthquake was felt in Jerusalem on the day of the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth. Williams et al. (2011) tabulated a varved chronology from a late Holocene core from Ein Gedi on the western shore of the Dead Sea between deformed sediments due to a widespread earthquake in 31 BC and deformed sediments due to an early first-century earthquake. Twenty-eight historically documented earthquakes were identified in the 1598-year interval between 140 BC and 1458 AD preserved in the Ein Gedi core. The early first-century seismic event is tentatively assigned a date of 31 AD with an accuracy of ±5 years. Plausible candidates for this event include the earthquake reported in the Gospel of Matthew. That is, there is an earthquake event preserved in the sediments that occurred sometime before or after the crucifixion and it was of sufficient magnitude to be impressed in the popular mind. So, earthquakes were ongoing in the region and one was in effect “borrowed” or time shifted by the author of the Gospel of Matthew. It is highly likely a local earthquake occurred during the time of writing of the Gospel of Matthew and it was “called upon” so as to match the date of the crucifixion. The aforementioned event occurred sometime between 26 and 36 AD and was sufficiently energetic to deform the sediments at Ein Gedi, but not energetic enough to produce a still extant widespread and extra-biblical historical record (unlike the higher magnitude earthquake of 31 BC with its widespread historical documentation).

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  1. Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    John K. Warren

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Warren, J.K. (2016). Subaqueous Salts: Salinas and Perennial Lakes. In: Evaporites. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13512-0_4

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