Abstract
In Chap. 1, an evaporite is defined as a salt rock originally precipitated from a saturated surface or nearsurface brine by hydrologies driven by solar evaporation. There is no assumption as to the origin of the parent brine; it may be marine (thalassic), nonmarine (athalassic) or a hybrid. By implication, there is a need for aridity and for water loss to exceed inflow. This means deposition and diagenesis in evaporites is more climate dependent than in either siliciclastic or carbonate sediments; reaction rates and reversibility are an order of magnitude faster. Suites of precipitated salts follow the geochemical make-up of the parent brine, while primary textures indicate hydrological stability and energy levels of the time of precipitation.
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Notes
- 1.
Semi-arid deserts have a mean annual precipitation of between 250 and 500 mm. Arid deserts have less than 250 mm of annual rainfall. Extremely arid or hyperarid deserts have at least 12 consecutive months without rainfall. Worldwide, some 4 % of the earth surface is hyperarid, 15 % arid, and 23 % semi-arid.
- 2.
Sensible heat flux is the heat energy is transferred from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere by conduction and convection.
- 3.
The term “soda lake” defines a class of saline lakes with water/brine chemistries having an excess in total alkalinity (\( \approx \left[HC{O}_{3-}\right]+2\;\left[C{O}_3\right] \), i.e., the sum of the charges of the bicarbonate ion plus carbonate ion) is in excess over the charges of the alkaline earth ions, magnesium and calcium: \( \left[HC{O}_3\right]+2\;\left[{\mathrm{CO}}_2\right]>2\;\left[{\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}\right]+2\;\left[{\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}\right] \) when such lake waters concentrate the high CO2 level causes a rise in pH and eventually, if evaporation proceeds, various sodium carbonate minerals precipitate. The largest soda lake in the world is Lake Van in Turkey. Many soda lakes are located on or near plate tectonic boundaries within continental land masses (rifts and collision zones). About a third of the soda lakes in the world are located in a high-altitude collision belt, stretching from Tibet, through Qinghai Province to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Precipitation of salts in most of these soda lakes is cryogenically driven.
- 4.
Tholin [after the ancient Greek word θολός (tholós) meaning “not clear”] is a heteropolymer molecule formed by solar ultraviolet irradiation of simple organic compounds such as methane or ethane along with ethylene, acetylene an hydrogen cyanide. Tholins do not form naturally in our modern-day Earth atmosphere, due to the presence of oxygen, but are found in great abundance on the surface of icy bodies in the outer solar system. They usually have a reddish-brown appearance and on the early Archaean or even late Hadean earth may have been the first microbial food for heterotrophic microorganisms before autotrophy evolved.
- 5.
Barnes et al. (2011) use the word ‘hydrological’ to refer generally to ‘volatilological’, i.e., any substance on a planetary surface that undergoes processes physically similar to those of water in the Earth’s hydrological cycle passing from a liquid to a gaseous state, and leaving behind solutes. In the case of Titan, the fluids passing from a liquid to a gaseous state are dominated by methane and ethane.
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Warren, J.K. (2016). Depositional Chemistry and Hydrology. In: Evaporites. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13512-0_2
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