Abstract
Natural potash evaporites are a typical part of a brine evaporation series, crystallizing at the higher concentration or bittern end, either at the surface (primary salts) or in the shallow subsurface (secondary salts). Today, bedded accumulations of primary potash evaporites are a relatively rare occurrence. Extremely high solubility of most potash salts means they accumulate in highly restricted, some would say highly continental, modern depositional settings (Cendon et al. 2003). Wherever Quaternary potash does occur naturally, as in the playas of the intermontane Qaidam Basin in China and in the Danakil Depression in the Afar Rift of Africa, carnallite, not sylvite, is the dominant potash salt. This has led some to postulate that carnallite is the archetypal primary marine potash phase, while sylvite is a secondary diagenetic mineral formed by incongruent dissolution of carnallite. Others have argued that ancient sylvite was sometimes a primary precipitate, deposited by the cooling of highly saline surface or near surface brines and from seawater with ionic proportions different to those of today (Hardie 1996).
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Notes
- 1.
The name carnallite comes from the German geologist Rudolph von Carnall (1804–1874).
- 2.
The name sylvite come from sal digestevus Sylvii (New Latin: digestive salt of Sylvius), named for the Dutch physician and chemist Franciscus de la Boë (1614–1672), a.k.a. Sylvius.
- 3.
Potassium increases plant resistance to drought, frost and to a number of diseases and pests, it is essential for the development of the root system, fosters nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops, and also it improves the size, colour and sugar content of crops, such as fruits. Natural reserves of soil-potassium diminish with each successive crop. This withdrawal or “soil mining” is greatly increased and accelerated by higher yields and more intensive cropping. For example, high-yielding, short-season rice varieties in a double-cropping annual system will remove up to 36 times more potassium from soil compared to a single crop of traditional varieties. Potassium uptake by rice in a triple-cropping system will be about 50 % more than extracted by two crops annually. Although some soils are rich in potassium, many are poorly endowed and crop production thereon is unsustainable if the potassium removed by cropping is not replenished in appropriate amounts.
- 4.
In July 2013, Vladislav Baumgertner, chief executive of the world’s largest potash and cheapest producer, OAO Uralkali, suddenly announced, without prior warning, that he was removing his firm from one of the potash world’s major price support cartels which his company had maintained with another firm, Belarusian Potash Company. As a result of his actions, Baumgertner has been ridiculed, reviled and even imprisoned for a month when he visited Belarus. Mining Weekly estimated that this decision had the effect of wiping out $18 billion in market capitalization of the major potash players, worldwide. The world of potash production and distribution has been thrown into major turmoil and a trade war between his home nation of Russia and neighbouring Belarus may very well have broken out. Baumgertner has explained his action was based on market forces (responding to cartel actions and changes in market share), which had led to a steady rise in his company’s above-ground potash stocks. He believed the only way to work off those stocks was to stimulate demand by forcing prices lower. Naturally, agricultural consumers rejoiced somewhat, but for many potash producers, the decline in prices to US$325 per tonne by late October 2013 was a real profit-buster (see Table 11.3c).
Share prices of PotashCorp (POT) of Saskatchewan had been on a rollercoaster ride ever since the original price/tonne oscillations began in 2008, but, by 2013 stock prices appeared to be holding firmly between $40 and $45. This was so until the July announcement, upon which its share price immediately plunged by over 25 per cent to barely $30 per share. Part of POT’s problem stemmed from their decision to dramatically increase brownfield production from 9,000,000 tonnes per year to a prodigious 17.1 million tonnes per year, by 2015. China moved swiftly to take advantage of the situation and purchased a huge block of Uralkali stock, thereby acquiring a 12.5 % ownership position and thereby gained market leverage in order to assure China of adequate potash supplies going forward.
- 5.
“Qaidam”means salt marsh in Mongolian.
- 6.
“Horse” is possibly a miner’s corruption of the term horst. In mining the term typically refers to a block of country rock entirely encased within a mineral lode. Horse is also a broader geological technical term to describe any block of rock completely separated from the surrounding rock either by mineral veins or fault planes.
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Warren, J.K. (2016). Potash Resources: Occurrences and Controls. In: Evaporites. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13512-0_11
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