Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Lichen Secondary Metabolites pp 81–104Cite as

Lichen Secondary Metabolites as Potential Antibiotic Agents

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

It is well known that pathogenic microbes pose serious threats to human health and are increasing in prevalence in institutional health-care settings due to the growing resistance that infectious agents have developed against antibiotics. Therefore, new alternatives for combating the spread of infection through antibiotic-resistant microbes are necessary for keeping pace with the evolution of “super” pathogens. Natural products are proposed as a therapeutic alternative to conventional antimicrobial treatment. Among them, lichen-derived product and their antibiotic properties are of special interest to scientists as up to 50 % of all lichens have been reported to possess antibiotic activities. A great number of reports concerning the antimicrobial screening of lichens have appeared in the literature. According to published data, the lichens and their secondary metabolites exhibited the activity against a great number of microorganisms. Therefore, the present study represents lichens as very interesting source of bioactive compounds which provide unlimited opportunities for new antimicrobial agents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdullah ST, Hamid H, Ali M et al (2007) Two new terpenes from the lichen Parmelia perlata. Ind J Chem 46B:173–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abo-Khatwa AN, al-Robai AA, al-Jawhari DA (1996) Lichen acids as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation of mouse-liver mitochondria. Nat Toxins 4:96–102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham EP, Chain E (1940) An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. Nature 146:837

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bačkor M, Hudák J, Repčák M et al (1998) The influence of pH and lichen metabolites (vulpinic acid and (+) usnic acid) on the growth of lichen photobiont Trebouxia irregularis. Lichenologist 30:577–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Balaji P, Hariharan GN (2007) In vitro antimicrobial activity of Parmotrema praesorediosum thallus extracts. Res J Bot 2:54–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Behera BC, Verma N, Sonone A et al (2005) Antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts of lichen Usnea ghattensis. Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouaid K, Vicente C (1998) Chlorophyll degradation effected by lichen substances. Ann Bot Fenn 35:71–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buçukoglu TZ, Albayrak S, Gökhan Halici M et al (2013) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of extracts and lichen acids obtained from some Umbilicaria Species from Central Anatolia, Turkey. J Food Process Preserv 37:1103–1110

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder PR, Evans AW (1945) Further studies on the antibiotic activity of lichens. Bull Torrey Bot Club 72:157–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder PR, Evans AW, McVeigh I et al (1944) Antibiotic activity of lichens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 30:250–255

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byron F, Brehm S, Eric AJ (2003) Sensitization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics by the sesquiterpenoids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3357–3360

    Google Scholar 

  • Candan M, Yilmaz M, Tay T et al (2006) Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Xanthoparmelia pokornyi and its gyrophoric and stenosporic acid constituents. Z Naturforsch 61:319–323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candan M, Yýlmaz M, Tay T et al (2007) Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent. Z Naturforsch 62:619–621

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan R, Abraham J (2013) In vitro antimicrobial potential of the lichen Parmotrema sp. extracts against various pathogens. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16:882–885

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan MM (1999) Plants products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:564–582

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Culberson CF (1970) Supplement to chemical and botanical guide to lichen products. Bryologist 73:1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickert H, Machka K, Braveny I (1981) The uses and limitations of disc diffusion in the antibiotic sensitivity testing of bacteria. Infection 9:18–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Elo H, Matikainen J, Pelttari E (2007) Potent activity of the lichen antibiotic (+)-usnic acid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Naturwissenschaften 94:465–468

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epand RF, Savage PB, Epand RM (2007) Bacterial lipid composition and the antimicrobial efficacy of cationic steroid compounds. Biochim Biophys Acta 1768:2500–2509

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esimone CO, Adikwn MU (1999) Antimicrobial activity of the cytotoxicity of Ramalina farinacea. Fitoterapia 7:428–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Farkaš V (2003) Structure and biosynthesis of fungal cell walls: methodological approaches. Folia Microbiol 48:469–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Francolini I, Norris P, Piozzi A et al (2004) Usnic acid, a natural antimicrobial agent able to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation on polymer surfaces. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:4360–4365

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goel M, Dureja P, Rani A et al (2011) Isolation, characterization and antifungal activity of major constituents of the Himalayan lichen Parmelia reticulate Tayl. J Agric Food Chem 59:2299–2307

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes AT, Honda NK, Roese FM et al (2002) Bioactive derivatives obtained from lecanoric acid, a constituent of the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum (Nyl.). Hale (Parmeliaceae). Rev Bras Farm 12:74–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomes AT, Smania A Jr, Seidel C et al (2003) Antibacterial activity of orsellinates. Braz J Microbiol 34:194–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulluce M, Aslan A, Sokmen M et al (2006) Screening the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichens Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Ramalina pollinaria, Ramalina polymorpha and Umbilicaria nylanderiana. Phytomedicine 13:515–521

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halama P, van Haluwin C (2004) Antifungal activity of lichen extracts and lichenic acids. Biocontrol 49:95–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauck M, Jurgens SR (2008) Usnic acid controls the acidity tolerance of lichens. Environ Pollut 156:115–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heijenoort J (2001) Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Glycobiology 11:25–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Honda NK, Pavan FR, Coelho RG et al (2010) Antimycobacterial activity of lichen substances. Phytomedicine 17:328–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingólfsdóttir K, Bloomfield SF, Hylands PJ (1985) In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of lichen metabolites as potential preservatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 28:289–292

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingolfsdottir K, Chung GAC, Skulason VG et al (1998) Antimycobacterial activity of lichen metabolites in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci 6:141–144

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova V, Aleksieva K, Kolarova M et al (2002) Neuropogonines A, B and C, new depsidon-type metabolites from Neuropogon sp., an Antarctic lichen. Pharmazie 57:73–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova V, Graefe U, Schlegel B et al (2004) Usnic acid, metabolite from Neuropogon sp., an Antarctic lichen isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 18:66–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javeria S, Shahi SK, Shahi MP et al (2013) Parmotrema nilgherrense: potential antimicrobial activity against drug resistant pathogens. Int J Microb Res Technol 2:36–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Karagoz A, Dogruoz N, Zeybek Z et al (2009) Antibacterial activity of some lichen extracts. J Med Plants Res 3:1034–1039

    Google Scholar 

  • Karthikaidevi G, Thirumaran G, Manivannan K et al (2009) Screening of the antibacterial properties of lichen Roccella belangeriana (Awasthi) from Pichavaram Mangrove (Rhizophora sp.). Adv Biol Res 3:127–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Karthikai Devi G, Anantharaman P, Kathiresan K et al (2011) Antimicrobial activities of the lichen Roccella belangeriana (Awasthi) from mangroves of Gulf of Mannar. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 40:449–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Kekuda PTR, Vinayaka KS, Swathi D et al (2011) Mineral composition, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of a macrolichen Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale (Parmeliaceae). E-J Chem 8:1886–1894

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Kim YH (2007) The inhibitory effect of natural bioactives on the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Nutr Res Pract 1:273–278

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinoshita K, Matsubara H, Koyama K et al (1994) Topics in the chemistry of lichen compounds. J Hattori Bot Lab 76:227–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Klancnik A, Piskernik S, Jersek B et al (2010) Evaluation of diffusion and dilution methods to determine the antibacterial activity of plant extracts. J Microbiol Methods 81:121–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosanić M, Ranković B (2011) Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some lichens and their constituents. J Med Food 14:1624–1630

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosanić M, Ranković B, Slobodan S (2010) Antimicrobial activity of the lichen Lecanora frustulosa and Parmeliopsis hyperopta and their divaricatic acid and zeorin constituents. Afr J Microbiol Res 4:885–890

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosanić M, Manojlović N, Janković S et al (2013) Evernia prunastri and Pseudoevernia furfuraceae lichens and their major metabolites as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Food Chem Toxicol 53:112–118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosanić M, Ranković B, Stanojković T et al (2014a) Cladonia lichens and their major metabolites as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. LWT Food Sci Technol 59:518–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosanić M, Seklic D, Markovic S et al (2014b) Antimicrobial and anticancer properties of selected lichens from Serbia. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 9:273–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KC, Müller K (1999) Lichen metabolites. 2. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of gyrophoric, usnic, and difractaic acids on human keratinocyte growth. J Nat Prod 62:821–823

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar PSV, Kekuda PTR, Vinayaka KS et al (2010) Studies on proximate composition, antifungal and anthelmintic activity of macrolichen Ramalina hoss H. Magn and G. Awasthi. Int J Biotechnol Biochem 6:193–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2009) Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard-eighth edition M07-A8. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards 29

    Google Scholar 

  • Land CJ, Lundstrom J (1998) Inhibition of fungal growth by water extracts from the lichen Nephroma arcticum. Lichenologist 30:259–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauterwein M, Oethinger M, BeIsner K et al (1995) In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and (-)- usnic acid and against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:2541–2543

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrey JD (1986) Biological role of lichen substances. Byrologist 89:111–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maciąg-Dorszyńska M, Węgrzyn G, Guzow-Krzemińska B (2014) Antibacterial activity of lichen secondary metabolite usnic acid is primarily caused by inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 353:57–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madamombe IT, Afolajan AJ (2003) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of extracts from South African Usnea barbata. Pharm Biol 41:199–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Manojlović N, Solujić S, Sukdolak S (2002) Antimicrobial activity of an extract and anthraquinones from Caloplaca schaereri. Lichenologist 34:83–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S et al (2005) Antifungal activity of Rubia tinctorum, Rhamnus frangula and Caloplaca cerina. Fitoterapia 76:244–246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manojlovic NT, Vasiljevic PJ, Markovic ZS (2010) Antimicrobial activity of extracts and various fractions of chloroform extract from the lichen Laurera benguelensis. J Biol Res Thessalon 13:27–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Manojlović N, Ranković B, Kosanić M et al (2012) Chemical composition of three Parmelia lichens and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of some their major metabolites. Phytomedicine 19:1166–1172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martins MCB, Gonçalves de Lima MJ, Silva FP et al (2010) Cladia aggregata (lichen) from Brazilian northeast, chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity. Braz Arch Biol Technol 53:115–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micheletti AC, Beatriz A, de Lima DP et al (2009) Constituintes quımicos de Parmotrema lichexanthonicum Eliasaro & Adler—Isolamento, Modificacoes estruturais e avaliacao das atividades antibiotica e citotoxica. Quim Nova 32:12–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitrović T, Stamenković S, Cvetković V et al (2011) Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of five lichen species. Int J Mol Sci 12:5428–5448

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed SG (2013) Comparative study of in vitro antibacterial activity of miswak extracts and different toothpastes. Am J Agric Biol Sci 8:82–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno S, Scheyer T, Romano CS et al (2006) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosemary extracts linked to their polyphenol composition. Free Radic Res 40:223–231

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nostro MP, Germano V, D’Angelo A et al (2000) Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medical plant antimicrobial activity. Lett Appl Microbiol 30:379–384

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odabasoglu F, Aslan A, Cakir A et al (2004) Comparison of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of three lichen species. Phytother Res 18:938–941

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ofokansi KC, Esimone CO (2005) Evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial activity and release behaviour of ointments and applications containing extract of lichen Ramalina farinacea. Plant Prod Res J 9:6–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Oloke JO, Kolawole DO (1998) The antibacterial and antifungal activities of certain components of Aframomum melegueta fruits. Fitoterapia 59:384–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Paudel B, Bhattarai HD, Lee JS et al (2008) Antioxidant activity of polar lichens from King George Island (Antarctica). Polar Biol 31:605–608

    Google Scholar 

  • Paudel B, Bhattarai HD, Lee HK et al (2010) Antibacterial activities of Ramalin, usnic acid and its three derivatives isolated from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata. Z Naturforsch C 65:34–38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry NB, Benn MH, Brennan NJ et al (1999) Antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic activity of New Zealand lichens. Lichenologist 31:627–636

    Google Scholar 

  • Piovano M, Garbarino JA, Giannini FA et al (2002) Evaluation of antifungal and antibacterial activities of aromatic metabolites from lichens. Bol Soc Chil Quím 47:235–240

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos DF, Almeida da Silva PE (2010) Antimycobacterial activity of usnic acid against resistant and susceptible strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Pharm Biol 48:260–263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos DBM, Gomes Francis S, Napoleo Thiago H et al (2014) Antimicrobial activity of Cladonia verticillaris lichen preparations on bacteria and fungi of medical importance. Chin J Biol ID 219392

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Mišić M (2007) Antifungal activity of extract of the lichens Alectoria sarmentosa and Cladonia rangiferina. Mikol Fitopatol 41:276–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Mišić M (2008) The antimicrobial activity of the lichen substances of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Ochrolechia androgyna, Parmelia caperata and Parmelia conspresa. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 22:1310–2818

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Mišić M, Sukdolak S et al (2007a) Antimicrobial activity of the lichens Aspicilia cinerea, Collema cristatum, Ochrolechia androgyna, Physcia aipolia and Physcia caesia. Ital J Food Sci 19:461–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Mišić M, Sukdolak S (2007b) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the lichens Lasallia pustulata, Parmelia sulcata, Umbilicaria crustulosa and Umbilicaria cylindrical. Microbiology 76:723–727

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Mišić M, Sukdolak S (2008) The antimicrobial activity of substances derived from the lichens Physcia aipolia, Umbilicaria polyphylla, Parmelia caperata and Hypogymnia physodes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24:1239–1242

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Mišić M, Sukdolak S (2009) Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Parmelia caperata, Parmelia pertusa, Hypogymnia physodes and Umbilicaria polyphylla. Biologia 64:53–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Ranković D, Kosanić M et al (2010) Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichen Anaptychya ciliaris, Nephroma parile, Ochrolechia tartarea and Parmelia centrifuga. Cent Eur J Biol 5:649–665

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Kosanić M, Stanojković T (2011) Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Lecanora atra and Lecanora muralis. BMC Complement Altern Med. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-11-97

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Kosanić M, Stanojković T et al (2012) Biological activities of Toninia candida and Usnea barbata together with their norstictic acid and usnic acid constituents. Int J Mol Sci 13:14707–14722

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranković B, Kosanić M, Manojlović N et al (2014) Chemical composition of Hypogymnia physodes lichen and biological activities of some its major metabolites. Med Chem Res 23:408–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Renzaka T, Sigler K (2007) Hirtusneanoside, an unsymmetrical dimeric tetrahydroxanthone from the lichen Usnea hirta. J Nat Prod 70:1487–1491

    Google Scholar 

  • Rundel PW (1978) The ecological role of secondary lichen substances. Biochem Syst Ecol 6:157–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saenz MT, Garcia MD, Rowe JG (2006) Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical studies of some lichens from south of Spain. Fitoterapia 77:156–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago KA, Borricano JN, Canal JN et al (2010) Antibacterial activities of fruticose lichens collected from selected sites in Luzon Island, Philippines. Philipp Sci Lett 3:18–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos PS, Lat B, Palo M (1964) The antibiotic activities of some Philippine lichens. Philipp J Sci 93:325–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D et al (2011) Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 8:1–10

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Tapia A, Lima B et al (2008) A new antifungal and antiprotozoal depside from the Andean lichen Protousnea poeppigii. Phytother Res 22:349–355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma BC, Kalikotay S, Rai B (2012) Assessment of antimicrobial activity of extracts of few common lichens of Darjeeling hills. Ind J Fund Appl Life Sci 2:120–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon AT (2005) Antibiotic resistance: a survival strategy. Clin Lab Sci 18:170–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha G, Raphael J, Leavitt SD et al (2014) In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of extracts from 34 species of North American lichens. Pharm Biol 27:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha SN, Biswas M (2011) Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some lichen from Ravangla, Sikkim, India. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2:B23–B28

    Google Scholar 

  • Sisodia R, Geol M, Verma S et al (2013) Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of lichen species Ramalina roesleri. Nat Prod Res 27:2235–2239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava P, Logesh AR, Upreti DK et al (2013) In-vitro evaluation of some Indian lichens against human pathogenic bacteria. Mycosphere 4:734–743

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker-Wörgötter E, Elix JA, Grube M (2004) Secondary chemistry of lichen-forming fungi: chemosyndromic variation and DNA-analyses of cultures and chemotypes in the Ramalina farinacea complex. Bryologist 107:152–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundset MA, Kohn A, Mathiesen SD et al (2008) Usneabacteria rangiferina, a novel usnic-acid resistant bacterium isolated from the reindeer rumen. Die Naturwissenschaften 95:741–749

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll A, Brack A, Renz J (1950) The effect of lichenic substances on the tubercle bacillus and certain other microorganisms; seventh article on antibacterial substances. Schweiz Z Pathol Bakteriol 13:729–751

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tasdemir D, Franzblau SG (2007) In vitro antituberculotic activity of several lichen metabolites. Planta Med 73:174

    Google Scholar 

  • Tay T, Özdemir Türk A, Yılmaz M et al (2004) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the acetone extract of the lichen Ramalina farinacea and its (+)-usnic acid, norstictic acid, and protocetraric acid constituents. Z Naturforsch 59c:384–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari P, Rai H, Upreti DK et al (2011) Assessment of antifungal activity of some Himalayan foliose lichen against plant pathogenic fungi. Am J Plant Sci 2:841–846

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomasi S, Picard S, Lainé C et al (2006) Solid-phase synthesis of polyfunctionalized natural products: application to usnic acid, a bioactive lichen compound. J Comb Chem 8:11–14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türk OA, Yılmaz M, Kıvanc M et al (2003) The antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Cetraria aculeata and its protolichesterinic acid constituent. Z Naturforsch 58c:850–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk H, Yilmaz M, Tay T et al (2006) Antimicrobial activity of extracts of chemical races of the lichen Pseudoevernia furfuracea and their physodic acid, chloroatratorin, atratorin and olivetoric acid constituents. Z Naturforsch C 61:499–507

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vartia KO (1973) Antibiotics in lichens. In: Ahmadjian V, Hale ME Jr (eds) The lichens. Academic, New York, pp 547–561

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma N, Behera BC, Parizadeh H et al (2011) Bactericidal activity of some lichen secondary compounds of Cladonia ochrochlora, Parmotrema nilgherrensis and Parmotrema sancti-angelii. Int J Drug Dev Res 3:222–232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vivek MN, Yashoda Kambar, Manasa M et al (2014) Radical scavenging and antibacterial activity of three Parmotrema species from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. J Appl Pharm Sci 4:086–091

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiton JC, Lawrey JD (1982) Inhibition of Cladonia cristatella and Sordaria fimicola ascospore germination by lichen acids. Bryologist 85:222–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz Y, Turk AO, Tay T et al (2004) The antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Cladonia foliacea and its (-)-usnic acid, atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents. Z Naturforsch 59c:249–254

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia

    Marijana Kosanić & Branislav Ranković

Authors
  1. Marijana Kosanić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Branislav Ranković
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marijana Kosanić .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

    Branislav Ranković

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kosanić, M., Ranković, B. (2015). Lichen Secondary Metabolites as Potential Antibiotic Agents. In: Ranković, B. (eds) Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13374-4_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation