Abstract
Conversational agents are receiving significant attention from multi-agent and human computer interaction research societies. In order to make conversational agents more believable and friendly, giving them the ability to express emotions is one of research fields which have drawn a lot of attention lately. In this paper, we propose a work on analysis of how emotional facial activities happen temporally. Our goal is to find the temporal patterns of facial activity of six basic emotions in order to improve the simulation of continuous emotional facial expressions on a 3D face of an embodied agent. Using facial expression recognition techniques, we first analyze a spontaneous video database in order to consider how facial activities are related to six basic emotions temporally. From there, we bring out the general temporal patterns for facial expressions of the six basic emotions. Then, based on the temporal patterns, we propose a scheme for displaying continuous emotional states of a conversational agent on a 3D face.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albrecht, I.: Faces and Hands- Modeling and animating anatomical and photorealistic models with regard to the communicative competence of virtual humans. PhD thesis, University at des Saarlandes (2005)
Albrecht, I., Haber, J., Kähler, K., Schröder, M., Seidel, H.-P.: May i talk to you?:-) facial animation from text. In: Proceedings Pacific Graphics 2002, pp. 77–86 (2002)
Arnold, M.B.: Emotion and personality. Psychological aspects. Columbia University Press, New York (1960)
Bui, T.D., Heylen, D., Nijholt, A.: Building embodied agents that experience and express emotions: A football supporter as an example. In: Proc. CASA2004. Computer Graphics Society (2004)
Bui, T.D., Heylen, D., Nijholt, A.: Combination of facial movements on a 3d talking head. In: Proc. CGI 2004. IEEE Computer Society (2004)
Bui, T.D., Heylen, D., Poel, M., Nijholt, A.: Generation of facial expressions from emotion using a fuzzy rule based system. In: Stumptner, M., Corbett, D.R., Brooks, M. (eds.) Canadian AI 2001. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2256, pp. 83–95. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Bui, T.D., Heylen, D., Poel, M., Nijholt, A.: ParleE: An adaptive plan based event appraisal model of emotions. In: Jarke, M., Koehler, J., Lakemeyer, G. (eds.) KI 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2479, pp. 129–143. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Cootes, T.F., Taylor, C.J., Cooper, D.H., Graham, J.: Active shape models-their training and application. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 61(1), 38–59 (1995)
Darwin, C.: The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Univerity of Chicago Press, Chicago (1872/1965)
DeCarlo, D.C., Revilla, M.S., Venditti, J.: Making discourse visible: Coding and animating conversational facial displays. In: Computer Animation (2002)
Du, S., Tao, Y., Martinez, A.M.: Compound facial expressions of emotion. In: David, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. New York University, New York (2014)
Ekman, P.: Emotion in the human face. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1982)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: Unmasking the Face: A Guide To Recognizing Emotions From Facial Clues. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1975)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: Facial Action Coding System. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto (1978)
Ekman, P., Hager, J.: Facial action coding system affect interpretation database (facsaid), http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facsaid/description.jsp (retrieved)
Ekman, P., Rosenberg, E.L.: What the face reveals: basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS), Illustrated Edition. Oxford University Press (1997)
El-Nasr, M.S., Yen, J., Ioerger, T.R.: FLAME-fuzzy logic adaptive model of emotions. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 3(3), 219–257 (2000)
Essa, I.A., Pentland, A.: A vision system for observing and extracting facial action parameters. In: Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (1994)
Friesen, W., Ekman, P.: EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System. University of California, California (unpublished manual, 1983)
Hayes-Roth, B., van Gent, R.: Story-making with improvisational puppets. In: Johnson, W.L., Hayes-Roth, B. (eds.) Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 1–7. ACM Press, New York (1997)
Isbister, K., Doyle, P.: Design and evaluation of embodied conversational agents: a proposed taxonomy. In: Proceedings of AAMAS 2002 Workshop on Embodied Conversational Agents? Let?s Specify and Evaluate Them!, Bologna, Italy (2002)
Izard, C.E.: Emotions and facial expressions: A perspective from differential emotions theory. In: Russell, J.A., Fernandez-Dols, J.M. (eds.) The Psychology of Facial Expression. Maison des Sciences de l’Homme and Cambridge University Press (1997)
Kappas, A.: What facial activity can and cannot tell us about emotions. In: Katsikitis, M. (ed.) The Human Face: Measurement and Meaning, pp. 215–234. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2003)
King, S.A., Parent, R.E., Olsafsky, B.: An anatomically-based 3d parametric lip model to support facial animation and synchronized speech. In: Proceedings of Deform 2000, pp. 7–19 (2000)
Kshirsagar, S., Magnenat-Thalmann, N.: A multilayer personality model. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Smart Graphics, pp. 107–115. ACM Press (2002)
Kurlander, D., Skelly, T., Salesin, D.: Comic chat. In: SIGGRAPH 1996: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 225–236 (1996)
Latta, C., Alvarado, N., Adams, S.S., Burbeck, S.: An expressive system for animating characters or endowing robots with affective displays. In: Society for Artificial Intelligence and Social Behavior (AISB), 2002 Annual Conference, Symposium on Animating Expressive Characters for Social Interactions (2002)
Mohammad Mavadati, S., Mahoor Mohammad, H., Bartlett, K., Trinh, P., Cohn, J.F.: Disfa: A spontaneous facial action intensity database. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 4(2), 151–160 (2013)
Ngo, T.D., Bui, T.D.: When and how to smile: Emotional expression for 3D conversational agents. In: Ghose, A., Governatori, G., Sadananda, R. (eds.) PRIMA 2007. LNCS, vol. 5044, pp. 349–358. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Paiva, A., Dias, J., Sobral, D., Aylett, R., Sobreperez, P., Woods, S., Zoll, C., Hall, L.: Caring for agents and agents that care: Building empathic relations with synthetic agents. In: Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 194–201. IEEE Computer Society (1996)
Pantic, M., Patras, I.: Detecting facial actions and their temporal segments in nearly frontal-view face image sequences. In: Proc. IEEE Conf. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol. 4, pp. 3358–3363 (2005)
Pantic, M., Valstar, M.F., Rademaker, R., Maat, L.: Web-based database for facial expression analysis. In: Proc. 13th ACM Int’l Conf. Multimedia and Expo, pp. 317–321 (2005)
Perlin, K., Goldberg, A.: Improv: A system for scripting interactive actors in virtual worlds. Computer Graphics 30(Annual Conference Series), 205–216 (1996)
Picard, R.: Affective Computing. MIT Press, Cambridge (1997)
Plutchik, R.: Emotions: A general psychoevolutionary theory. In: Scherer, K.R., Ekman, P. (eds.) Approaches to Emotion. Lawrence Erlbaum, London (1984)
Raouzaiou, A., Karpouzis, K., Kollias, S.D.: Online gaming and emotion representation. In: GarcÃa, N., Salgado, L., MartÃnez, J.M. (eds.) VLBV 2003. LNCS, vol. 2849, pp. 298–305. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Reilly, W.S.: Believable social and emotional agents. Technical Report Ph.D. Thesis. Technical Report CMU-CS-96-138, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (1996)
Russell, J.A.: Reading emotions from and into faces: Resurrecting a dimensional-contextual perspective. In: Russell, J.A., Fernndez-Dols, J.M. (eds.) The Psychology of Facial Expression. Cambridge University Press, New York (1997)
Scherer, K.R.: What does facial expression express. In: Strongman, K. (ed.) International Review of Studies on Emotion, vol. 2. Wiley, Chichester (1992)
Stern, A., Frank, A., Resner, B.: Virtual petz: A hybrid approach to creating autonomous, lifelike dogz and catz. In: Sycara, K.P., Wooldridge, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents 1998), pp. 334–335. ACM Press, New York (1998)
Tanguy, E.: Emotions: the Art of Communication Applied to Virtual Actors. PhD thesis, Universit of Bath (2006)
Tian, Y., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.: Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 23(2), 97–115 (2001)
Tomkins, S.S.: Affect, Imagery, Consciousness (Volume 1): The Positive Affects. Springer, New York (1962)
Velásquez, J.D.: Modeling emotions and other motivations in synthetic agents. In: Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and 9th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference (AAAI-97/IAAI 1997), pp. 10–15. AAAI Press, Menlo Park (1997)
Viola, P., Jones, M.: Robust real-time object detection, Tech. rep., Cambridge Research Laboratory Technical report series. (2) (2001)
Wallhoff, F.: The facial expressions and emotions database homepage (feedtum), http://www.mmk.ei.tum.de/~waf/fgnet/feedtum.html
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ngo, T.D., Vu, T.H.N., Nguyen, V.H., Bui, T.D. (2014). Improving Simulation of Continuous Emotional Facial Expressions by Analyzing Videos of Human Facial Activities. In: Dam, H.K., Pitt, J., Xu, Y., Governatori, G., Ito, T. (eds) PRIMA 2014: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems. PRIMA 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8861. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13191-7_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13191-7_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-13190-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-13191-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)