Abstract
Electric and magnetic material properties are explored. In an approximate model, the material is assumed to consist of electric dipoles (except metals) and magnetic dipoles. Principal experiments are studied and a theoretical description of the dipole model is developed. The aim is to establish a connection between macroscopic (measurable) quantities and the basal microscopic dynamics in the material. The electric and magnetic material parameters are introduced as the link between these two aspects. Different methods to measure these quantities are described. The Clausius-Mossotti’s polarisation and magnetization formulas are derived for spherical forms. These formulas are central for the applications called electrophoresis and magnetophoresis. Electric and magnetic hysteresis are treated in the exercise section.
One of the most immediate consequences of the electrochemical theory is the necessity of regarding all chemical compounds as binary substances. It is necessary to discover in each of them the positive and negative constituents ... No view was ever more fitted to retard the progress of organic chemistry. Where the theory of substitution and the theory of types assume similar molecules, in which some of the elements can be replaced by others without the edifice becoming modified either in form or outward behaviour, the electrochemical theory divides these same molecules, simply and solely, it may be said, in order to find in them two opposite groups, which it then supposes to be combined with each other in virtue of their mutual electrical activity ... I have tried to show that in organic chemistry there exist types which are capable, without destruction, of undergoing the most singular transformations according to the nature of the elements.
Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas, 1828
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The word ‘dielectric’ refers to the dipole character of an isolator. Older name for dielectric constant is electric relative permittivity with notation \(\epsilon _{r}\).
- 2.
Distinguish between \(\Delta \Phi \) and \(\nabla \Phi \). For example, in the \(x\) direction \(\nabla \Phi =\frac{d \Phi }{dx}\hat{x} \approx \frac{\Delta \Phi }{\Delta x}\hat{x}\).
- 3.
Older notation is \(\mu _{\mathrm {r}}\).
- 4.
Do not confuse magnetization \(M\) with mutual inductance \(M_{12}\).
Further Readings
J.H. Hannay, The Clausius-Mossotti equation: an alternative derivation. Eur. J. Phys. 4, 141 (1983)
T.B. Jones, Basic theory of dielectrophoresis and electrorotation. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. 22(6), 33–42 (2003)
R.E. Raab, O.L. De Lange, Multipole Theory in Electromagnetism (Oxford University Press, New York, 2005)
J.R. Reitz, F.J. Milford, R.W. Christy, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1993)
Original Papers
R. Clausius, Die mechanische behandlung der elektricitt, vol. 2 (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1879)
E.H. Hall, On a new action of the magnet on electric currents. Am. J. Math. 2, 287 (1879)
O.F. Mossotti, Discussione analitica sul’influenza che l’azione di un mezzo dielettrico..., Mem. Mat. Fis. della Soc. Ital di Sci. in Modena, 24, 49 (1850)
C.B. Sawyer, C.H. Tower, Phys. Rev. 35, 269 (1930)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Prytz, K. (2015). Material Properties. In: Electrodynamics: The Field-Free Approach. Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13171-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13171-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-13170-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-13171-9
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)