Abstract
In this paper we show how a cognitive agent programming language can be endowed with ways to program emotions. In particular we show how the programming language 2APL can be augmented so that it can work together with the computational emotion model ALMA to deal with appraisal, emotion/mood generation, and coping.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Of course, events do not carry their desire-fulfilling property in general. An event causes often an update on an agent’s beliefs after which it can be evaluated whether the event did in fact contributed to the achievement of the agent’s objectives. In this paper, we assume that events do carry their desire-fulfilling property in order to avoid complex belief update and evaluation operations required to program individual agents.
- 2.
The sign \(\leftarrow \) in the rule should not be read as logical implication. This sign is used in 2APL to separate the head of the rule from its context condition (i.e., belief query), which is in turn separated from the body of the rule by the \(\mid \) sign.
References
Bordini, R.H., Dastani, M.M., Dix, J., El Fallah Seghrouchni, A. (eds.) Multi-Agent Programming: Languages, Platforms and Applications. International book series on Multiagent Systems, Artificial Societies, and Simulated Organizations, edited by Weiss, G. Springer, New York (2005)
Bordini, R.H., Dastani, M.M., Dix, J., El Fallah Seghrouchni, A.: Multi-Agent Programming: Languages, Tools and Applications. Springer, New York (2009)
Boutilier, C.: Towards a logic for qualitative decision theory. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR’94), pp. 75–86. Morgan Kaufmann (1994)
Bratman, M.E., Israel, D.J., Pollack, M.E.: Plans and resource-bounded practical reasoning. Comput. Intell. 4, 349–355 (1988)
Damasio, A.R.: Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Grosset/Putnam Press, New York (1994)
Dastani, M.M.: 2APL: a practical agent programming language. Int. J. Auton. Agents Multi-Agent Syst. (JAAMAS) 16(3), 214–248 (2008). (Special Issue on Computational Logic-based Agents, (eds.) Francesca Toni and Jamal Bentahar, 2008)
Dastani, M.M., Meyer, J.-J.C.: Programming emotional agents. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 25(7), 636–654 (2010)
Dastani, M.M., Hulstijn, J., van der Torre, L.: How to decide what to do? Eur. J. Oper. Res. 160(3), 762–784 (2005)
Elster, J.: Rationality and the emotions. Econ. J. 106(438), 1386–1397 (2004)
Frijda, N.H.: The Emotions. Cambridge University Press, Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction (1987)
Gebhard, P.: ALMA - A layered model of affect. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems 2005, pp. 29–36 (2005)
Gebhard, P., Kipp, M., Klesen, M., Rist, T.: Adding the emotional dimension to scripting character dialogues. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Working Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 48–56 (2003)
Gebhard, P., Klesen, M., Rist, T.: Coloring multi-character conversations through the expression of emotions. In: Proceedings of the Tutorial and Research Workshop on Affective Dialogue Systems (2004)
Jeffrey, R.C.: The Logic of Decision. McGraw-Hill, New York (1965)
Kaelbling, L.P., Littman, M.L., Cassandra, A.R.: Planning and acting in partially observable stochastic domains. Artif. Intell. J. 101, 99–134 (1998)
Lazarus, R.S.: Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford University Press, New York (1994)
Marsella, S., Gratch, J.: EMA: A computational model of appraisal dynamics. J. Cogn. Syst. Res. 10(1), 7090 (2009)
Mehrabian, A.: Analysis of the big-five personality factors in terms of the PAD temperament model. Aust. J. Psychol. 48, 86–92 (1996)
Oatley, K., Jenkins, J.M.: Understanding Emotions. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford (1996)
Ortony, A., Clore, G.L., Collins, A.: The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1988)
Rao, A.S., Georgeff, M.P.: Decision procedures for BDI logics. J. Logic Comput. 8(3), 293–342 (1998)
Reisenzein, R., Hudlicka, E., Dastani, M., Gratch, J., Hindriks, K.V., Lorini, E., Meyer, J.-J.C.: Computational modeling of emotion: Toward improving the inter- and intradisciplinary exchange. T. Affect. Comput. 4(3), 246–266 (2013)
Reisenzein, R., Junge, M.: Language and emotion from the perspective of the computational belief-desire theory of emotion. In: Wilson, P.A. (ed.) Dynamicity in Emotion Concepts, vol. 27, pp. 37–59. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main (2012)
Reisenzein, R.: Pleasure-arousal theory and the intensity of emotions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67(3), 525–539 (1994)
Savage, L.J.: The Foundations of Statistics. Wiley, New York (1954)
Klaus, R.: Scherer Facets of Emotion: Recent Research. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1988)
Scherer, K.R., Schorr, A., Johnstone, T.: Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research. Series in Affective Science. Oxford University Press, New York (2001)
Johns, M., Silverman, B.G.: How emotion and personality effect the utility of alternative decisions: A terrorist target selection case study. In: 10th Conference On Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation, SISO (2001)
de Sousa, R.: The Rationality of Emotion. MIT Press, Cambridge (1987)
Tan, S.-W., Pearl, J.: Qualitative decision theory. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI’94), pp. 928–933. AAAI Press, Seattle (1994)
Velásquez, J.D.: Cathexis: A computational model for the generation of emotions and their influence in the behavior of autonomous agents. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AGENTS’97), pp. 518–519 (1997)
Acknowledgment
We thank Rainer Reisenzein (University of Greifswald) for his extensive comments on the draft version of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dastani, M., Floor, C., Meyer, JJ.C. (2014). Programming Agents with Emotions. In: Bosse, T., Broekens, J., Dias, J., van der Zwaan, J. (eds) Emotion Modeling. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8750. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12973-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12973-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12972-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12973-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)