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Optogenetics in Drosophila melanogaster

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New Techniques in Systems Neuroscience

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

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Abstract

The increasing popularity of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, in systems neuroscience can be attributed to the widespread availability of powerful genetic reagents that make efforts at understanding its numerically simple brain tractable, revealing the neural basis of a rich repertoire of behaviors. These tools allow exogenous labels, indicators, activators, and inhibitors of neural activity to be expressed in sparse sets of identified neurons in the brain, enabling specific, targeted neural recording and manipulation. In particular, thermogenetic reagents for activation and silencing, such as dTrpA1 and Shibirets1, have helped researchers identify circuits involved in a range of fly behaviors. However, temperature-sensitive reagents are slow to activate, and induce complicated behavioral artifacts in ectothermic animals such as flies. Early optogenetic reagents, such as channelrhodopsin2 and halorhodopsin, enabled temporally precise neural perturbation and had an almost immediate impact on mammalian neuroscience. Their use in intact flies was, however, hindered by the fact that blue and green excitation light does not efficiently penetrate adult fly cuticle, and the use of high-intensity light introduces artifacts, such as increased body temperature and photoreceptor-triggered behavioral responses. In this article, we discuss advances in the use of optogenetics in flies, with a special emphasis on recently developed bistable opsins and red-activated channelrhodopsins, CsChrimson, and ReaChR. Using a combination of genetic tools and an appropriate light delivery strategy, these optogenetic reagents allow precise spatial and temporal manipulation of neural activity in the fly while minimizing thermally and visually induced artifacts. We also consider some applications of optogenetics in flies, including testing for the role of identified neurons in the brain of tethered and freely behaving flies and, in combination with genetically encoded calcium indicators, mapping coarse functional connectivity between specific neurons.

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Acknowledgements

The ReaChR flies we tested were a generous gift from D. Anderson. We are grateful to K. Hibbard and S. Pulver for sharing unpublished information about CsChrimson and Jaws flies. We thank the Howard Hughes Medical Institute for support.

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  1. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA

    Sung Soo Kim, Romain Franconville, Dan Turner-Evans & Vivek Jayaraman

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Correspondence to Vivek Jayaraman .

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  1. Dept. Of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    Adam D. Douglass

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Kim, S., Franconville, R., Turner-Evans, D., Jayaraman, V. (2015). Optogenetics in Drosophila melanogaster . In: Douglass, A. (eds) New Techniques in Systems Neuroscience. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12913-6_6

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