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Discovery and Development of Spectrally Diverse Channelrhodopsins (ChR) for Neurobiological Applications

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New Techniques in Systems Neuroscience

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

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Abstract

Channelrhodopsins (ChR) have become important tools for neuroscientific research, and part of an optogenetic toolbox used to excite genetically targeted neurons with light to investigate their functional and behavioral roles. As light is relatively noninvasive and light-induced excitation only occurs in neurons expressing ChR, this approach can be used to perform circuit mapping experiments and modulate behavior in awake animals in ways not possible using pharmacological agents or electrical stimulation. The majority of current ChR experiments utilize blue-light-activated variants and short blue light pulses (1–10 ms) for excitation. The recent discovery and reengineering of red-shifted ChR variants have permitted excitation of neurons with orange and red light (1> 600 nm). These developments have extended the utility of optogenetic experiments to permit novel, noninvasive behavioral screening and the investigation of complex neuronal circuit interactions. This chapter discusses recent developments and applications of red-shifted ChRs in neurobiological research and how these novel ChR variants are having an important impact on biological discovery.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, 7000, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

    John Y. Lin

  2. Department of Physics, Section of Neurobiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0374, San Diego, CA, USA

    Per M. Knutsen & Arnaud Muller

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Correspondence to John Y. Lin .

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  1. Dept. Of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    Adam D. Douglass

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Lin, J., Knutsen, P., Muller, A. (2015). Discovery and Development of Spectrally Diverse Channelrhodopsins (ChR) for Neurobiological Applications. In: Douglass, A. (eds) New Techniques in Systems Neuroscience. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12913-6_5

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