Abstract
This chapter presents the methodology necessary for the construction of evidence-based probability models for pedestrian injury severity in frontal vehicle crashes using empirical, in-depth accident data.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
German In-Depth Accident Study: Unfalldatenbank 07.1999-12.2008. Dresden, Hannover, 31.12.2008.
UMTRI (2005). 1994–1998 NASS pedestrian crash data study (PCDS) codebook. Version 03Mar01. UMTRI Transportation Data Center.
Chauvel, C., Page, Y., Fildes, B., & Lahausse, J. (2013). Automatic emergency braking for pedestrians effective target population and expected safety benefits. In 23rd international technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles (ESV 2013) No. 13–0008.
Hannawald, L., & Kauer, F. (2004). Equal effectiveness study on pedestrian protection. Dresden: Technische Universität Dresden.
Ressle, A., Schramm, S., & Kölzow, T. (2010). Generierung von Verletzungsrisikofunktionen für Fußgängerkollisionen. In Crash Tech 2010—Fahrzeugsicherheit 2020.
Rosen, E., & Sander, U. (2009). Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41, 536–542.
Tefft, B. (2011). Impact speed and a pedestrian’s risk of severe injury or death. Report, AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.
AAAM (1990). The abbreviated injury scale (1990 revision). Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
States, J. D. (1969). Abbreviated and the comprehensive research injury scales. In Proceedings of thirteenth Stapp Car Crash conference, December 2–4, 1969 (Vol. 13, pp. 282–294). New York: Society of Automotive Engineers.
States, J. D., & Huelke, D. F. (1980). The abbreviated injury scale. 1980 revision. Des Plaines: American Association for Automotive Medicine (AAAM).
The Abbreviated Injury Scale, Update (2008). Des Plaines, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine (AAAM).
Codebook GIDAS2009. GIDAS, 2009.
Otte, D., Haasper, C., & Krettek, C. (2006 October). Die neue abbreviated injury scale (AIS) 2005—Nutzen einer standardisierten Klassifikation der Verletzungsschwere. Verkehrsunfall und Fahrzeugtechnik (VKU) (pp. 261–268).
Kramer, F. (Ed.). (2006). Passive Sicherheit von Kraftfahrzeugen. Wiesbaden: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlag.
Baker, S. P., & O’Neill, B. (1976). The injury severity score: An update. The Journal of Trauma, 16(11), 882–885.
Baker, S. P., O’Neill, B., Haddon, W. J., & Long, W. B. (1974). The injury severity score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. The Journal of Trauma, 14(3), 187–196.
Nogueira, L. S., Domingues, C. A., Campos, M. A., & Ten Sousa, R. M. C. (2008). Years of new injury severity score (NISS): Is it a possible change? Rev Latino-am Enfermagem, 16(2), 314–319.
Stevenson, M., Segui-Gomez, M., Lescohier, I., Di Scala, C., & McDonald-Smith, G. (2001). An overview of the injury severity score and the new injury severity score. Injury Prevention, 7, 10–13.
Henary, B. Y., Crandall, J., Bhalla, K., Mock, C. N., & Roudsari, B. S. (2003). Child and adult pedestrian impact: The influence of vehicle type on injury severity. In 47th annual conference of the association for the advancement of automotive medicine.
Henary, B. Y., Ivarsson, B. J., & Crandall, J. R. (2006). The influence of age on the morbidity and mortality of pedestrian victims. Traffic Injury Prevention, 7, 182–190.
Prange, M., Heller, M., Watson, H., Iyer, M., Ivarsson, B. J., & Fisher, J. (2010). Age effects on injury patterns in pedestrian crashes. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars—Mechanical Systems, 3(1), 789–820.
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study (2010, December 22). http://www.gidas.org/files/GIDAS_eng.pdf.
Ebner, A., Samaha, R. R., Scullion, P., & Helmer, T. (2010). Identifying and analyzing reference scenarios for the development and evaluation of preventive pedestrian safety systems. In Proceedings of the 17th ITS world congress.
Ebner, A., Samaha, R. R., Scullion, P., & Helmer, T. (2010). Methodology for the development and evaluation of active safety systems using reference scenarios: Application to preventive pedestrian safety. In Proceedings of the international research council on biomechanics of injury (IRCOBI) (pp. 155–168).
Isenberg, R. A., Chidester, A. B., & Mavros, S. (1998). Update on the pedestrian crash data study. In 16th international technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles (ESV).
Jarrett, K. J., & Saul, R. A. (1998). Pedestrian injury-analysis of the PCDS field collision data. In 16th international technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles (ESV 1998).
Hakkert, A. S., Gitelman, V., & Vis, M. A. (2007). Road safety performance indicators: Theory. Deliverable D3.6, EU FP6 project SafetyNet.
Jaccard, J. (2001). Interaction effects in logistic regression (pp. 07–135). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences.
Statistisches, Bundesamt. (2010). Mikrozensus—Fragen zur Gesundheit—Körpermaße der Bevölkerung—2009. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.
Stolzenberg, H., Kahl, H., & Bergmann, K. (2007). Körpermaße bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsblatt—Gesundheitsforschung—Gesundheitsschutz, 50, 659–669. doi:10.1007/s00103-007-0227-5.
Liers, H., & Hannawald, L. (2008). Klassifizierung von Fahrzeugfrontkonturen in Fußgängerfrontalunfällen. Verkehrsunfallforschung an der TU Dresden GmbH: Abschlussbericht.
Ogden, C. L., Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., & Flegal, K. M. (2004). Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States 1960–2002. Advance data from vital and health statistics 347. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics.
Clauß, G., Finze, F. -R., & Partzsch, L. (2011). Grundlagen der statistik (6th ed.). Frankfurt: Verlag Harri Deutsch.
Salkind, N. (2011). Statistics for people who (think they) hate statistics (4th ed.). Munich: SAGE Publications Inc.
Bortz, J., & Schuster, C. (2010). Statistik für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler (7th ed.). Berlin: Springer.
Degen, H., & Lorscheid, P. (2012). Statistik-Lehrbuch (4th ed.). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag München.
Kleinbaum, D., & Klein, M. (2010). Logistic regression. A self learning text. Statistics for biology and health. Berlin: Springer.
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). London: Pearson.
Pampel, F. (2000). Logistic regression: A primer (pp. 07–132). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences.
Menard, S. (2002). Applied logistic regression analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.
Backhaus, K., Erichson, B., Plinke, W., & Weiber, R. (2008). Multivariate analysemethoden (12th ed.). Berlin: Springer.
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464.
Findley, D. (1991). Counterexamples to parsimony and BIC. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 43(3), 505–514.
Kohavi, R. A. (1995). Study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection. In International joint conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 1137–1143).
Schramm, S. (2011). Methode zur Berechnung der Feldeffektivität integraler Fußgängerschutzsysteme. Dissertation, Technische Universität München.
Dahdah, S. (2008). Modeling an infrastructure safety rating for vulnerable road users in developing countries. Dissertation, The George Washington University.
Kerrigan, J. R., Rudd, R., Subit, D., Untaroiu, C. D., & Crandall, J. R. (2008). Pedestrian lower extremity response and injury: A small sedan vs. a large SUV. SAE Technical Paper, 2008–01-1245.
Lefler, D. E., & Gabler, H. C. (2001). The emerging threat of light truck impacts with pedestrians. SAE Technical Paper, 2001-06-0082.
Longhitano, D., Henary, B., Bhalla, K., Ivarsson, J., & Crandall, J. (2005). Influence of vehicle body type on pedestrian injury distribution. SAE Technical Paper, 2005-01-1876.
Roudsari, B. S., Mock, C. N., & Kaufman, R. (2005). An evaluation of the association between vehicle type and the source and severity of pedestrian injuries. Traffic Injury Prevention, 6, 185–192.
Simms, C. K., & Wood, D. P. (2006). Pedestrian risk from cars and sport utility vehicles—a comparative analytical study. In Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Vol. 220, pp. 1085–1100).
Fitzharris, M., & Fildes, B. (2007). Analysis of the potential crash reduction benefits of electronic brake assist, early warning systems, and the combined effects for pedestrians. Melbourne, Australia: Monash University Accident Research Centre for the Automotive Collaborative Research Consortium.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Helmer, T. (2015). Probabilistic Modeling of Pedestrian Injury Severity. In: Development of a Methodology for the Evaluation of Active Safety using the Example of Preventive Pedestrian Protection. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12889-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12889-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12888-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12889-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)