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Multiferroic Magnetoelectric Composites/Hybrids

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Book cover Hybrid and Hierarchical Composite Materials

Abstract

The multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) effect describes the coupling between the electric and magnetic fields, and is defined as a generated electric polarization P in response to an externally applied magnetic field H (direct ME effect), or an induced magnetization M with an applied electric field E (converse ME effect). Unfortunately, the ME coupling of all the known single-phase materials is usually small at room temperature to be practically applicable. Alternatively, multiferroic composites (ferroelectric and ferri/ferromagnetic phases) typically yield a giant ME coupling response above room temperature, which makes them attractive for technological applications. In the composites, the ME effect is generated as a product property of the magnetostrictive effect (magnetic/mechanical effect) and piezoelectric effect (mechanical/electric effect). To achieve a large ME response, piezoelectric constituent with a high piezoelectric coefficient, magnetostrictive constituent with a high piezomagnetic coefficient, and good coupling between the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive constituent are required. In this chapter, we begin with a brief overview of the development of each material’s constituent (piezoelectrics and magnetostriction) providing a list of state-of-the-art piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials in multiferroic ME hybrid. Next, a discussion is provided on the composite structure and interface elastic coupling between the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phases. After that we describe the fabrication process of several important ME hybrids with different phase connectivity, interface, and configuration. Considering the importance of nanostructure and 2–2-type ME composite, the scaling effect and theoretical modeling for these architectures are presented in some detail. Following these sections, some of the potential applications for ME hybrids are reviewed and illustrated by examples. Lastly, the chapter is concluded with a brief summary and future perspective.

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Abbreviations

α ME :

Magnetoelectric coefficient

BT:

Barium titanate, BaTiO3

d :

Piezoelectric charge coefficient

E :

Electric field

EBSD:

Electron backscatter diffraction

E c :

Coercive electric field

EDS:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

EMR:

Electromechanical resonance

ε :

Dielectric permittivity

f c :

Resonance frequency

g :

Piezoelectric voltage coefficient

H :

Magnetic field

IDE:

Interdigitated electrode

k :

Electromechanical coupling coefficient

λ :

Magnetostriction coefficient

LTCC:

Low-temperature co-fired ceramics

M :

Magnetization

ME:

Magnetoelectric

MFC:

Macro-fiber composites

MPB:

Morphotropic phase boundary

μ :

Magnetic permeability

P :

Polarization

PFM:

Piezoresponse force microscopy

PLD:

Pulsed laser deposition

PMN–PT:

Lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3

PPT:

Polymorphic phase boundary

P r :

Remnant polarization

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene difluoride

PZT:

Lead zirconate titanate, Pb(Zr, Ti)O3

q :

Piezomagnetic coefficient

Q m :

Mechanical quality factor

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

tanδ:

Dielectric loss

T c :

Curie temperature

T O-T :

Orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition temperature

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

Z :

Acoustic impedance

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Acknowledgment

Y.Y. acknowledges the financial support from Office of Basic Energy Science, Department of Energy. S.P. would like to acknowledge the support from Office of Naval Research through Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bio-inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA

    Yongke Yan & Shashank Priya

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  1. Yongke Yan
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  2. Shashank Priya
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Correspondence to Yongke Yan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

    Chang-Soo Kim

  2. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA

    Charles Randow

  3. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA

    Tomoko Sano

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Yan, Y., Priya, S. (2015). Multiferroic Magnetoelectric Composites/Hybrids. In: Kim, CS., Randow, C., Sano, T. (eds) Hybrid and Hierarchical Composite Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12868-9_4

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