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Status of Natural Resources in the Uplands of the Swat Valley Pakistan

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Book cover Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems

Abstract

Swat, a physical unit of land drained by the Swat River, is a mountainous terrain of Hindu Raj mountains (eastern Hindu Kush) and comprises mostly of mountains, gorges, and valleys within the altitudes of 600 m in the south to more than 6000 m in the north, the highest peak Falaksair being 6261 m high. Swat covers an area of 8220 km2 of land, bounded from all the sides by the lofty Hindu Raj Mountains. The area is broadly divided into (1) monsoon prevailing towards south, exhibiting the general features of Sino-Japanese type of vegetation, and (2) monsoon-devoid Swat Kohistan towards north with the prevailing features of Irano-Turanian type of vegetation. The area has always been famous for its natural beauty, pleasing environment, and peaceful people; all these attractions have ranked the area as a summer resort of prime importance for invaders in the past and tourists nowadays. The area has given birth, or has flourished, to a number of ancient civilizations whose archeological remains, rock edicts, carvings, and petroglyps are available everywhere in the area. Though Swat is placed in the trans-Indus Hindu Kush mountain region, its lush green landscape, plentiful water, and widespread croplands has referred the area as Swat Himalaya by some authorities. Sociopolitical changes in the area during twentieth century have had a great influence on floristic landscape, farming system composition, cropping patterns, and socioeconomic conditions of the people of the area. Historical review shows that the area was densely forested and self-sufficient in its natural wealth and agricultural produce. Swat was exposed to the periodical redistribution system of natural resources for the preceding four centuries. The system was based on exploitation of natural resources; it did not operate sustainably and caused severe depletion of soil, biodiversity, and water, resulting in a severe fall of per capita income. Most of the mountains and the valley basin were turned barren due to the overexploitation of vegetation for fuel, timber, and fodder. Natural vegetation remained restricted only to the graveyards or in the inaccessible high mountainous forests. The situation of natural resources exploitation was terrible at the start of the twentieth century. Political changes in Swat during the first quarter of the twentieth century positively influenced the natural resources management in the area and thereby the farming system and the floristic landscape of the area. The newly established Swat State turned forests into the state property and imposed ban on the forest felling and hunting animals elsewhere, which turned the mountain terrain to green everywhere. A new land settlement system was introduced, which improved the soil management, water harvesting, and cropping pattern, resulting in improved livelihood of the people of the area. At the end of seventh decade when the Swat State was not in place and people were free to exploit forest resources freely, most of the regenerated forest was uprooted within a short span of two to three decades. The people were naturally forced to search alternate sources to cope with the unavoidable shortage of fuelwood, timber, and fodder. Hence, the farm forestry was introduced in the middle of eighth decade. Soon the farm forest spread rapidly in the valley, resulting in an increased forest area for satisfying the fuelwood and timber demands of the community’s, along with the annual income of billions of rupees from the fruits. In this chapter, we review Swat (the Swat River catchment area or Swat valley) with the help of available secondary information with respect to the people, land, water, and biological diversity in a logical order.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan

    Habib Ahmad & Waqar Ahmad

  2. Science Faculty, Botany Department, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

  3. Department of Botany, Hazara University, Garden Campus Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan

    Shujaul Mulk Khan

Authors
  1. Habib Ahmad
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  2. Münir Öztürk
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  3. Waqar Ahmad
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  4. Shujaul Mulk Khan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Habib Ahmad .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

  2. Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

  3. Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

    I. Faridah-Hanum

  4. Department of Geogaraphy, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey

    Recep Efe

Appendix I: Some Economically Important Plant Species of Swat

Appendix I: Some Economically Important Plant Species of Swat

Family

Botanical name

Local name

Description of Plant usea

Acanthaceae

Adhartoda vasica Nees.

Baikar

6, 10

Adiantaceae

Adiantum cappillus -veneris L.

Bar Sumbal

6, 13, 27

A. incisum Forsk

Bar Sumbal

6, 13, 27

A.venustum D.Don.

Babozae

6, 13, 27

Alismatceae

Sagittaria sagittifolia L.

Taqae

4, 32

Alliaceae

Allium ascalonium L.

Piazakae

6, 17

Allium jacquemontii Kunth.

Zangah Paiz

28, 17, 30

Amaranthaceae

Achyranthus aspera L.

Buch Kanda

6, 4

Amaranthus caudatus L.

Chalwaye

2, 4, 5

A. viridis L.

Ganrkar

2, 4, 5

Amaryllidaceae

Narcissus tazetta L.

Gwale Nargas

18, 6

Anacardiaceae

Cotinus coggyria Scop.

Miswakae

13, 6, 10, 24

Rhus simialata Murr.

Thitrae

6, 17, 4

Rhus punjabinsis Stewart

Rakhkal

7, 6

Araceae

Acorus calamus L.

Skha Waja

6, 13, 32

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume

Wara Marjarai

7, 6

A.utile Hook.f.ex.Schott

Tora Marjarai

7, 6

A.tortuosum Roxb.

Ghata Marjari

7, 6

Sauromatum venesum (Ait)Scoth.

Mar Jarai

7, 6

Araliaceae

Aralia cachemirica Decene

The Dadono Binakai

37, 39, 40, 10

Hedra hilex L.

Palool/Pairwata

4, 6, 10

Ascelpediaceae

Periploca aphylla

Barara

6, 45

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens bicolor Royle

Writh Athrang

19, 4, 16

Impatiens brachycentra Kar.& Ker.

Spin Athrang

4, 6, 19

Impatiens edgeworthii Hook

Ziar Athrang

19, 4, 6

Impatiens flemingii Hook. f

Gulabi Athrang

19, 4, 1, 6

Berberidaceae

Brberis lycium Royle

Kwarai

6, 29, 10, 1

Betulaceae

Betula jacquemontii Dene

Braj

12, 30, 22, 37

Alnus nitida (Spach.) E.

Girae

32, 16, 10, 15

Brassicaceae

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik

Bambesa

6, 4

Sisymbrium irio L.

Awrae

6, 4

Nasturtium officinale R.Br.

Talmira

6, 30

Nasturtium microphyllum Boen.ex.Reichb.

Talmira

2, 6, 4

Buxaceae

Buxus Pappilosa C.K.Schneid.

Shamshad

6, 10, 37

Sarcococca saligna

Ladanr

6, 10

Cactaceae

Opuntia dillenii Haw.

Zookam

13, 36

Caeseplinaceae

Caesalpinia decapitala (Roth) Alston.

Jara

36

Cannabidaceae

Cannabis sativa L.

Bhang

6, 10

Caprifoliaceae

Viburnum cotinfalium Wall ex.D.Don

Ghamzewa

1, 6, 29, 36, 10

Viburnum grandiflorum

Ghamzewa

1, 6, 29, 36, 10

Caryophyllaceae

Silene conoidea L.

Bashka Mashora

4, 5

Silene vulgaris (Moench.)Garcke

Mataranga

4, 5

Stillaria media (L.) Chyr.

Tighstargai

2, 4, 5

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium album L.

Sarmae

2, 6, 4

Chenopodium botrys L.

Skha Khawra

6

Chenopodium ambrosoidis L.

Benakae

6

Colchicaceae

Colchicum luteum Baker

Suranjan/Ziargulae

6

Combritaceae

Thaltictrum falconeri Leconeri

Mamera

6

Compositae

Achillea millefolium L.

Karkara

6

Artimisia maritima L.

Tarkha

6, 7, 8

A. scoparia L.

Jaokae

6, 34, 10

Calendula arvensis L.

Ziar Gulae

6

Carthamus oxycantha L.

Kareza

6

Cichorium intybus L.

Han

2, 6

Cincus benidictus L.

Sharai

4, 5, 2

Helianthus tuberosus L.

Aloopach

2, 18, 38

Onopordeum acanthium L.

Wrejakai

6, 4

Sonchus asper L.

Shawda pai

4

Taraxicum officinale Weber.

Ziar Gwalae

6

Xanthium strumarium L.

Gishkae

10, 6

Convolvulaceae

Cuscuta reflexca Roxb.

Neladarai

8

Crasulaceae

Sedum ewersii Ledeb.

Tha Gat Warkharae

6

Cucurbitaceae

Melothria madraspatana (L.) Long.

Kakora

6

Citrulus colocynthis L.

Karkunday

4, 6

Cupressaceae

Juniperons communis L.

Gugar

10

Cyperaceae

Carex indica L.

Thaspa Boutai

32, 23,

Dennstaedtiaceae

Pteridium equilinum (L.) Kuhn.

Kwanjae

2, 6, 27

Dioscoraceae

Dioscora deltoides Wall.

Kanis

31, 6, 27

Ebenaecae

Diospyrus lotus L.

Amlok

1, 30, 6, 12, 10, 16

Elaegnaceae

Elaegnus umbellata Thunb.

Ghanamranga

1, 10, 36, 29, 6

Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense L.

Bandakae

6

Ericaeae

Rhododindron hypenantheum Balf.

Gulnamer

6

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia hirta L.

Krachae

7

Euphorbia prostata

Warmaga

6

Ricinus communis L.

Aseela Harlanda

6, 10

Fagaceae

Q.incana roxb.

Banj

10, 4, 1, 12, 29, 43, 38

Q.semicarpifalia

Kaanar/Mer

12, 10, 38

Q.Ilex. L.

Serai

10, 43, 38, 29

Q.dialatta Lindl.

Jaran

10, 4, 38, 29, 43

Guttiferae

Hypericum perforatum L.

Shin Chai

3, 6

Sapotaceae

Reptonia buxifolia A.DC.

Gwargwara

1, 10, 29

Hamamelidaceae

Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Done) Rehder.

Beranj

25, 24, 10, 38

Hippocastinaceae

Aesculus indica (Wall ex Cambl.) H.K.f

Jawaz

6, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 30

Iridaceae

Gynandrisis sisyrinchium (L)Parl.

Gandechar

7, 6

Iris versicolor L.

Oudi Thurai

18, 6

Juglandaceae

Juglens regia L.

Ghouz

33, 1, 4, 6, 17, 18, 19, 12, 35, 41, 10

Labiatae

Stychus parviflora Benth

Sper bootae

10, 6

Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex. Benth.

Khawaga Bouti

6, 31

A. parviflora Beth.

Tarkha Bouti

6, 31

Mentha piperita L.

Yakha Podina

17, 6

Mentha spicata L.

Podina

17, 6, 3

Mentha sylvestris L.

Yenalae

6, 17, 3

Micromeria biflora (Ham.) Bth.

Narae Shamakae

6, 39

Origanum vulgare L.

Shamakae

39, 6

Salvia moorcruptiana Roxb

Kharghwag

6

Teucrium incanum Aitch & Hombsl.

Kwandi boutae

6

Ocimum basilicum. L.

Kashmakae

18, 6, 17, 21

Laliaceae

Polygonatum verticillatum All.

Baramola

6

Asparagus adscendens Roxb.

Thindarae

35, 6

Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss.

Mamol

35, 6

A.phyrrhotrichus Boiss.and Hohen.

Mamol

35, 6

A.psilocentros Fisch

 

35, 6

Gaega pseudoreticulata Wed

Qaimath Gulae

7

Tulipa stillata H.K.

Ghantol

6, 4

Malvaceae

Malva neglecta Wallr.

Panerak

2, 4, 5

Malva officinalis

Sonchal

2, 4, 5

Malva sylvertris

Panerak

6, 4, 2, 5

Meliaceae

Cedrela serrata Royle

Skhawounae

31, 12, 7

Melia azedrach L.

Shandai

16, 4, 6, 30, 10

Moraceae

Ficus palmata

Inzar

1, 4, 10, 6

Morus alba L.

Baidana

1, 4, 12, 30, 10, 15, 16

Morus nigra L.

Thooth

1, 4, 12, 30, 10, 15

Myrsinaceae

Myrsine africana L.

Marorang

6, 10, 38, 27

Nyctaginaceae

Mirabilis jalapa L.

Gule Bada

6, 18

Oleaceae

Fraxinus excerlsior L.

Shoom

4, 36, 10, 29

Jasminum humile.

Rambel Chambel

21, 18, 29, 10

Jasminum officinale

Ziar Rambel Chambel

21, 18, 29, 10

Olea ferruginea Royle

Khona

4, 1, 38, 10, 16

Paeoniaceae

Paeonia emodi Wall.

Ward, Mamekh

6,

Papaveraceae

Fumaria indica (Hausskn)Pugsly.

Papra

6, 4, 5

Aregemone maxicana L.

Raidae

6, 18

Corydalis stewarttii Fedde

Mamera

6

Papilionaceae

Dalbergia sisso Roxb.

Shawa

30, 37, 38, 10, 12, 41

Indigofera gerardiana Wall.

Ghwareja

24, 37, 24, 45, 46, 44

Indigofera weightii

Ghwareja

4

Lathyrus aphaca L.

Kur Kamanai

4, 2, 5

Lathyrus cicra L.

Wara Chilo

4, 2, 1, 5

Lathyrus sativus L.

Ghata Chilo

4, 5, 2

Lathyrus pratensis L.

Ziara Chilo

4, 5

Medicago denticulata

Shpeshtarae

4, 14, 6, 5

Robinia pseudoaeacia L.

Kikar

36, 10, 4, 29

Vicia faba L.

Marghai Khpa

4, 5, 14, 3

Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F.Gray

Mardikakh

4, 5, 14, 3

Phytolacceae

Phytolacca labthenia (Mog.)Walt.

Garrar

2, 6, 20, 19

Pinaceae

Abies pindrow Royle

Achar

38, 37, 26, 10, 29, 30

Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex Lamb.

Nakhtar

26, 10, 38, 30, 18

Pinus roxberghii Sargent

Nakhtar

28, 1, 10, 26, 30, 11, 13, 18

Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson

Sraf

26, 30, 10, 11, 13, 18

Pistaciaceae

Pistacia integerrima Stewart

Shnai

6, 4, 10, 29

Plantaginaceae

Plantigo lanceolata L.

Jabai

4, 6

Plantigo major L.

Ghata Jabai

4, 6

Plantigo ovata Forsk.

Wara Jabai

4, 6

Platanaceae

Platanus orientalis L.

Chinar

16, 30, 12, 18

Poaceae

Aristida adscensionis Nees

Mashkar

4, 5, 34

A.cynantha ex.Stued.

Mashaanrae

4, 5, 34

Chrysopogon aucheri

Spin Wakha

4, 5, 24

Chrysopogon gryllus

Spin Wakha

4, 5, 24

Chrysopogon montanus Trin.

Spin Wakha

4, 5, 24

Cenchrus pennisetiformis (Hoechest) Stued.

Pisho Lamae

4, 5

Cenchrus cilliaris

Pisho Lamae

4, 5

Cynodon dactylon L.

Kabal

4, 5, 18

Desmostachya bipinnata (L.)Stapf.

Drab

4, 5

Phragmites communis Trin

Sharghashae

37

Sacchrum monja Roxb.

Nal

36, 37, 13

Sacchrum spontaneum L.

Sharghashe

37, 13

Sorghum helepense (L.)Pers.

Dadam

4, 5

Podophyllaceae

Podophyllum emodi Wall.

Gangora

6

Polygonaceae

Rumex acetosa L.

Tarokae

2, 6

Polygonum aviculare

Palpolak

6, 31

Polygonum viviparum L.

Anjabar

6, 4

Rheum webbianum Royle

Ghoutyal

6

Rumex dentatus L.

Shalkhae

2, 6

Rumex alpinus L.

Thaghm Shalkhae

2, 6

Portulaceae

Portulaca oleracea L.

Warkharai

2, 6

Punicaceae

Punica granatum

Anangorae

1, 29, 10, 6, 17

Ranaculaceae

Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. ex Holmes

The Ghra Zahar

7, 6

Aconitum hetrophyllum Wall.

Zahar mora

7, 6

A. violaceum Jacq. ex. Stapf.

-do-

7, 6, 13

Anemone obetusiloba D.Don.

The Spinsar Bouti

4, 13

A. rupicola Comb.

The Spinsar Bouti

4, 13

Aquilegia pubiflora Wall.

Woudi Gwalae

6

Caltha alba Jacq.ex.Camb.

Makhanr Path

2, 6, 4

Clematis orientalis L.

Zelai

6

Coptis teeta Wall.

Mamera

6

Dilphinium roylei Munz.

Oudi Gulae

18

Dilphinium pyramidale Royle

Oudi Gulae

18

Galium asperifoleum Wall.

Tha Kargh Makookha

4, 1

Rananculus muricatus L.

Quazi Ban

4, 6

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

Markhanai

33, 1, 6, 10, 36, 37, 4

Rosaceae

Cotoneaster affinis (Lindl.) Schn.

Kharawa

6, 10, 37

Cotoneaster microphylla Wall.

Kharawa

10, 6, 1, 25

Cotoneaster numularia Fisah & Mey.

Mamanra

10, 6, 25

Crataegus oxycantha HK.f.

Tampasa

6, 29, 10, 1

Fragaria indica Andrews

Tha Zmake Thooth

6, 1

Fragaria nubicola Lindl.

Tha Zmake Thooth

1, 6

Prunus cornuta (Wall). Steud.

Changa

4, 1, 29, 33, 29, 10

Pyrus pashia

Tanga

42

Rosa brunonii Lindl.

Khwarch

36, 44

Rubus fruticosus L.

Karwara

36, 29, 1, 6

Rubus idaeus L.

Baganai

36, 29, 1, 6

Rubus sanctus

Goraja

29, 1, 6

Rubus ellipticus

Ziara Karwara

29, 1, 6

Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindle)Rehder.

Jijrai

4, 10, 29

Rutaceae

Skimmia laurefola (DC.) Sieb &Z ucc. ex.Walp.

Nazar Panra

40, 6

Zanthoxylum aromatum DC.

Dambara

25, 36, 29, 17, 6

Salicaceae

Populus alba L.

Watani Sperdar

8, 10, 38

Populus ciliata Wall.

Parra

10, 38, 16, 13

Populus euphratica Oliv.

Sperdar

14, 30, 37, 13, 15, 38, 37

Populus nigra L.

Sperdar

30, 37, 10, 15

Salix babylonica L.

Aseela Wala

13, 16, 4, 10, 32, 12

Salix tetrasperma Roxb

Wala

13, 16, 4, 10, 32, 12

Salix flabellaris Anders

Tha Ghra Wala

4, 10, 13

Sambucaceae

Sambucus wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.

Benakai

4, 6

Saxifragaceae

Berginia ciliata (Haw.)Scernb.

Gat Panra

6, 18

Berginia stracheyi (Haw & Thoms) Engl.

Gat Panra

6

Scrophulariaceae

Varbascum thapsus L.

Khar Dag

6

Veronica ciburia (L.) Less

Shamakae

6

Simarubaceae

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Aseela Shandai

10, 4, 13, 15, 30, 29

Solanacae

Atropa acuminata Royle ex.Lindl.

Garar/Bargak

7, 6

Solanum nigrum L.

Kamachoo

2, 6

Solanum xanthocarpum Schard & Wendl.

Maraghoonae

6

Withania sommifera Dunal

Kotilal

7, 6

Datura metel L.

Harhanda

6, 7

Datura stramonium L.

Harhanda

6, 7

Taxaceae

Taxas baccata L.

Banrya

38, 4, 10, 12, 9

Thymeleaceae

Daphne mucronata Royle

Leghonae

6, 10

Ulmaceae

Celtis australis L.

Thagha

6, 12, 30, 16

Celtis leavigata Willd.

 

1, 37

Ulmus wallichii With.

Kahae

4, 10, 38, 16

Umballiferae

Eryngium biebersteinianum Nevski

Tha ManzariMangwal

6, 4

Anethum sowa Roxb.ex.Flem.

Sowah

6

Prangos pobularia Lindl.

Kamasle Zankai

6

Trachyspermum ammi

Sperkai

6

Carum bulbocatanum

Tore Zankai

6, 30, 17

Carum carvi L.

Sperkai

6

Bumium persicum (Prios) Fedtsch.

Zankai

17, 6

Utricaceae

Utrica dioca L.

Lawane Sezoonkae

2, 6

Utrica pilulefora L.

Sezoonkae

2, 6

Valerianaceae

Valeriana jatamansi Jones

Shingatai

6

Verbenaceae

Vitex negundo L.

Marwandai

8, 6

Violaceae

Viola serpens Wall.

Banafsha

6, 2

Viola kashmiriana W.Bkr.

Banafsha

6, 2

Vitaceae

Vitis vinifera L.

Kwar

1, 4, 6

Zygophyllaceae

Tribulus terristris L.

Markoondai

6

  1. aKey to plant use description

1. Wild fruit

13. Soil binder

25. Sticks/handles

37. Utensils

2. Potherb

14. Soil fertilizer

26. Timber

38. Construction

3. Beverage

15. Windbreak

27. Cushion plant

39. Bee attractants

4. Fodder

16. Shade tree

28. Resin

40. Smoking medicine

5. Hay fodder

17. Spice/flavoring agent

29. Fence

41. Wood carving

6. Medicine

18. Ornamental

30. Furniture

42. Rootstock

7. Poison

19. Dye

31. Fish poison

43. Charcoal

8. Green pesticide

20. Ink

32. Soil reclamation

44. Fishing checks

9. Graveyard things

21. Incense/perfume

33. Dry fruits

45. Snuff ash

10. Fuelwood

22. Paper

34. Brooms

46. Granary/basketry

11. Torchwood

23. Beads

35. Miswak

 

12. Agricultural tools

24. Packing/roping

36. Hedge plant

 

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Ahmad, H., Öztürk, M., Ahmad, W., Khan, S. (2015). Status of Natural Resources in the Uplands of the Swat Valley Pakistan. In: Öztürk, M., Hakeem, K., Faridah-Hanum, I., Efe, R. (eds) Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12859-7_2

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