Abstract
This chapter provides a starting point for better understanding how different approaches, tools, and technologies can support effective stakeholder participation in policy development. Participatory policy making involves stakeholders in various stages of the policy process and can focus on both the substance of the policy problem or on improving the tools and processes of policy development. We examine five international cases of stakeholder engagement in policy development to explore two questions: (1) what types of engagement tools and processes are useful for different stakeholders and contexts? And (2) what factors support the effective use of particular tools and technologies toward constructive outcomes? The cases address e-government strategic planning in a developing country, energy policy in a transitional economy, development of new technology and policy innovations in global trade, exploration of tools for policy-relevant evidence in early childhood decision making, and development of indicators for evaluating policy options in urban planning. Following a comparison of the cases, we discuss salient factors of stakeholder selection and representation, stakeholder support and education, the value of stakeholder engagement for dealing with complexity, and the usefulness of third-party experts for enhancing transparency and improving tools for engagement.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
UrbanAPI is an EC FP7 project focused on interactive analysis, simulation, and visualization tools for agile urban policy implementation http://www.urbanapi.eu/.
- 2.
References
Ackerman J (2004) Co-governance for accountability: beyond “exit” and “voice”. World Dev 32(3):447–463
Ali M, Weerakkody V (2009) The impact of national culture on e-government implementation: a comparison case study. Proceedings of the 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems, San Francisco, California, 6–9 August 2009
Anderson SR, Bryson JM, Crosby BC (1999) Leadership for the common good fieldbook. University of Minnesota Extension Service, St. Paul
Andersen DA, Vennix J, Richardson G, Rouwette E (2007) Group model building: problem structuring, policy simulation and decision support. J Oper Res Soc 58(5):691–694
Basu S (2004) E‐government and developing countries: an overview. Int’l Rev L Comp Tech 18(1):109–132
Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D (2002) A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. Int’l J Epidemiol 31(2):285–293
Best A, Holmes B (2010) Systems thinking, knowledge and action: towards better models and methods. Evid Policy 6(2):145–159
Bijlsma RM, Bots PW, Wolters HA, Hoekstra AY (2011) An empirical analysis of stakeholders’ influence on policy development: the role of uncertainty handling. Ecol Soc 16(1):51
Bingham LB, Nabatchi T, O’Leary R (2005) The new governance: practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government. Public Adm Rev 65(5):547–558
Black LJ, Andersen DF (2012) Using visual representations as boundary objects to resolve conflict in collaborative model-building approaches. Syst Res Behav Sci 29(2):194–208
Borning A, Friedman B, Davis J, Lin P (2005) Informing public deliberation: value sensitive design of indicators for a large-scale urban simulation. Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW) (pp 449–468), Paris, September
Borning A, Waddell P, Förster R (2008) UrbanSim: using simulation to inform public deliberation and decision-making. In: Hsinchun Chen et al. (eds) Digital government: e-government research, case studies, and implementation. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 439–463
Brugha R, Varvasovszky Z (2000) Stakeholder analysis: a review. Health Policy Plan 15(3):239–246
Bryant J (2003) The six dilemmas of collaboration: inter-organisational relationships as drama. Chichester: Wiley
Bryson J 2004 What to do when stakeholders matter. Public Manag Rev 6(1):21–53
Bryson J, Freeman RE, Roering W (1986) Strategic planning in the public sector: approaches and directions. In B. Checkoway (ed) Strategic perspectives on planning practice. Lexington Books, Lexington
Bryson JM, Cunningham GL, Lokkesmoe KJ (2002) What to do when stakeholders matter: the case of problem formulation for the African American men project of Hennepin County, Minnesota. Public Admin Rev 62(5):568–584
De Marchi B (2003) Public participation and risk governance. Sci Public Policy 30(3):171–176
Dzhusupova Z, Janowski T, Ojo A, Estevez E (2011) Sustaining electronic governance programs in developing countries. In: Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on eGovernment (ECEG 2011), pp 203–212
Easton D (1965) A systems analysis of political life. Wiley, NewYork
Eden C, Ackermann F (1998) Making strategy: the journey of strategic management. Sage, London
Elias AA, Cavana RY, Jackson LS (2002) Stakeholder analysis for R & D project management. R&D Manag 32(4):301–310
Flak LS, Rose R (2005) Stakeholder governance: adapting stakeholder theory to e-government. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 16(1):31
Fishkin JS (1995) The voice of the people: public opinion and democracy. Yale University Press, London
Freeman RE (1984) Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Pitman, Boston
Freeman RE (2010) Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Friedman B (ed) (1997) Human values and the design of computer technology. Cambridge University Press, New York (CSLI, Stanford)
Friedman B, Borning A, Davis JL, Gill BT, Kahn Jr PH, Kriplean T, Lin P (2008) Laying the foundations for public participation and value advocacy: interaction design for a large scale urban simulation. In: Proceedings of the 2008 international conference on digital government research (pp 305–314). Digital Government Society of North America
Frost H, Geddes R, Haw S, Jackson CA, Jepson R, Mooney JD, Frank J (2012) Experiences of knowledge brokering for evidence-informed public health policy and practice: three years of the Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy. Evid Policy 8(3):347–359
Fung A (2006) Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public Adm Rev 66(s1):66–75
Fung A, Graham M, Weil D (2007) Full disclosure: the perils and promise of transparency. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Furdík K, Sabol T, Dulinová V (2010) Policy modelling supported by e-participation ICT tools. In: MeTTeG’10. Proceedings of the 4th international conference on methodologies, technologies and tools enabling e-government. University of Applied Sciences, Northwestern Switzerland, Olten (pp 135–146)
Hesketh D (2010) Weaknesses in the supply chain: who packed the box? World Cust J 4(2):3–20
Higgins A, Klein S (2011) Introduction to the living lab approach. In: Tan Y-H, Bjørn Andersen N, Klein S, Rukanova B (eds) Accelerating global supply chains with IT-innovation. ITAIDE tools and methods. Springer, Berlin, pp 31–36
IAP2 (2007) IAP2 spectrum of public participation. International Association for Public Participation. Retrieved 24 December 2013 from http://www.iap2.org
Jenkins-Smith HC, Sabatier PA (1993) The study of public policy processes. In: Sabatier PA, Jenkins-Smith HC (eds) Policy change and learning. An advocacy coalition approach. Westview Press, Boulder
Jones C (1977) An introduction to the study of public policy, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, Belmont
Kennon N, Howden P, Hartley M (2009) Who really matters? A stakeholder analysis tool. Ext Farming Syst J 5(2):9–17
Kettl DF (2002) The transformation of governance: public administration for twenty-first century America. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Klievink B, Lucassen I (2013) Facilitating adoption of international information infrastructures: a Living Labs approach. Lect Notes Comput Sci 8074:250–261
Klievink B, Janssen M, Tan Y-H (2012) A stakeholder analysis of business-to-government information sharing: the governance of a public-private platform. Int’l J Electron Gov Res 8(4):54–64
Knight C, Lightowler C (2010) Reflections of ‘knowledge exchange professionals’ in the social sciences: emerging opportunities and challenges for university-based knowledge brokers. Evid Policy 6(4):543–556
Lasswell HD (1951) The policy orientation. The policy sciences. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp 13–14
Lay-Yee R, Milne B, Davis P, Pearson J, McLay J (2014) Determinants and disparities: a simulation approach to the case of child health care, submitted to Social Science and Medicine
Lewis C (1991) The ethics challenge in public service: a problem-solving guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Linstone H, Turoff M (1975) The Delphi method: techniques and applications. Addison-Wesley, London
Lomas J (2007) The in-between world of knowledge brokering. BMJ 334(7585):129
McAfee N (2004) Three models of democratic deliberation. J Specul Philos 18(1):44–59
Milne BJ, Lay-Yee R, Thomas J, Tobias M, Tuohy P, Armstrong A, Lynn R, Pearson J, Mannion O, Davis P (2014) A collaborative approach to bridging the research-policy gap through the development of policy advice software. Evid Policy 10(1):127–136
Mitchell RK, Agle BR, Wood DJ (1997) Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what really counts. Acad Manage Rev 22(4):853–886
Myers D, Kitsuse A (2000) Constructing the future in planning: a survey of theories and tools. J Plan Educ Res 19(3):221–231
Pace RC (1990) Personalized and depersonalized conflict in small group discussions: an examination of differentiation. Small Gr Res 21(1):79–96
Sabatier PA (1991) Toward better theories of the policy process. PS 24:147–156. doi:10.2307/419923
Smith G, en Wales C (2000) Citizens' juries and deliberative democracy. Polit Stud 48(1):51–65
Star SL, Griesemer J (1989) Institutional ecology, translations, and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–1939. Soc Stud Sci 19:387–420
Tan YH, Bjørn-Andersen N, Klein S, Rukanova B (2011) Accelerating global supply chains with IT-innovation: ITAIDE tools and methods. Springer, Berlin
Donaldson T, Preston LE (1995) The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence, and implications. Acad Manage Rev 20(1):65–91
Van Egmond S, Bekker M, Bal R, van der Grinten T (2011) Connecting evidence and policy: bringing researchers and policy makers together for effective evidence-based health policy in the Netherlands: a case study. Evid Policy 7(1):25–39
Varvasovszky Z, Brugha R (2000) A stakeholder analysis. Health Policy Plann 15(3):338–345
Vennix JAM, Akkermans HA, Rouwette E (1996) Group model-building to facilitate organizational change: an exploratory study. Syst Dyn Rev 12(1):39–58
Wimmer MA, Scherer S, Moss S, Bicking M (2012) Method and tools to support stakeholder engagement in policy development: the OCOPOMO Project. Int’l J Electron Gov Res 8(3):98–119
World Bank (2012) World development indicators 2012. World Bank Publications, Washington, DC
Yetano A, Royo A, Acerete B (2010) What Is driving the increasing presence of citizen participation initiatives? Environ Plann C 28(5):783–802
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Helbig, N., Dawes, S., Dzhusupova, Z., Klievink, B., Mkude, C. (2015). Stakeholder Engagement in Policy Development: Observations and Lessons from International Experience. In: Janssen, M., Wimmer, M., Deljoo, A. (eds) Policy Practice and Digital Science. Public Administration and Information Technology, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12784-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12784-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12783-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12784-2
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)