Abstract
The orbital venous system is complex, highly variable, and confusing. In the orbit, unlike other parts of the body, there is no direct correspondence between the arteries and veins, except for the superior ophthalmic vein which has some correspondence with the ophthalmic artery. Also, the orbital veins, unlike the orbital arteries, have a highly variable and inconstant pattern and formation of venous networks at several places, resulting in marked uncertainty and controversy as to their number, nomenclature, and pattern. The latest detailed studies on the orbital venous system are those of Henry [1] and Cheung and McNab [2].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Henry JGM. Contribution à l’étude de l’anatomie des vaisseaux de l’orbite et de la loge caverneuse par injection de matières plastiques du temoon de Zinn et de la capsule de tenon [Thesis (D. Med.)]. Paris: Faculté de Médecine de Paris; 1959.
Cheung N, McNab AA. Venous anatomy of the orbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(3):988–95.
Brismar J. Orbital phlebography. II. Anatomy of superior ophthalmic vein and its tributaries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1974;15(5):481–96.
Brismar J. Orbital phlebography. III. Topography of intraorbital veins. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1974;15(6):577–94.
Sesemann E. Die Orbitalvenen des Menschen und ihr Zusammenhang mit den oberflächlichen Venen des Kopfes. Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med. 1869;2:154–73 (Cited by Duke-Elder, 1940).
Hayreh SS. A study of the central artery of the retina in human beings [Thesis for the Master of Surgery]. India: Panjab University; 1958.
Hayreh SS. Anatomy and physiology of the optic nerve head. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1974;78:OP240–54.
Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman MB. Natural history of visual outcome in central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:119–33.
Weinberg D, Dodwell DG, Fern SA. Anatomy of arteriovenous crossings in branch retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109(3):298–302.
Hayreh SS, Pe’er J, Zimmerman MB. Morphologic changes in chronic high-pressure experimental glaucoma in rhesus monkeys. J Glaucoma. 1999;8:56–71.
Mann IC. Development of the human eye. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, for the British Journal of Ophthalmology; 1928. p. 230–4.
Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS. Hemi-central retinal vein occlusion. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and natural history. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1600–9.
Chopdar A. Dual trunk central retinal vein incidence in clinical practice. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(1):85–7.
Hughes B. Blood supply of the optic nerves and chiasma and its clinical significance. Br J Ophthalmol. 1958;42(2):106–25.
Charpy A, Hovelacque A. Veines. In: Nicolas A, editor. Traité d’Anatomie Humaine de Poirier et Charpy, vol. 2. 3rd ed. Paris: Masson; 1920. p. 53–278.
Beauvieux J, Ristitch K. Les vaisseaux centraux du nerf optique. Etude anatomique. Arch Ophtalmol (Paris). 1924;41:352–69.
Fry WE. Variations in the intra-neural course of the central vein of the retina. Arch Ophthalmol. 1930;4(2):180–7.
Wolff E. Some aspects of the blood supply of the optic nerve. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1939;59:157–62.
Steele EJ, Blunt MJ. The blood supply of the optic nerve and chiasma in man. J Anat. 1956;90(4):486–93.
Hayreh SS. Occlusion of the central retinal vessels. Br J Ophthalmol. 1965;49:626–45.
Paton L, Holmes G. The pathology of papilloedema. Brain. 1911;33:389–432.
Vossius A. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Nervus Opticus. Albrecht von Graefe Arch Ophthalmol. 1883;29(4):119–50.
Hayreh SS. Orbital vascular anatomy. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(10):1130–44.
Graefe A. Ueber Complication von Sehnervenentzündung mit Gehirnkranheiten. Albrecht von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1860;7(2):58–71.
Cone W, MacMillan JA. The optic nerve and papilla. In: Penfield W, editor. Cytology and cellular pathology of the nervous system, vol. 2. New York: Hoeber; 1932.
Greef R. Die mikroskopische Anatomie des Sehnerven und der Netzhant. In: Graefe A, Saemisch T, editors. Graefe-Saemisch Handbuch der Gesamten Augenheilkunde. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann; 1900; Bd. I, Kap V. p. 1–212.
Damel CS. Anatomia de la arteria y vena central de la retina en su porcion orbitaria y neural. Arch Oftalmol B Aires. 1936;11(3):57–82.
Lim MC, Bateman JB, Glasgow BJ. Vortex vein exit sites. Scleral coordinates. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(6):942–6.
Kutoglu T, Yalcin B, Kocabiyik N, Ozan H. Vortex veins: anatomic investigations on human eyes. Clin Anat. 2005;18(4):269–73.
Hayreh SS, Baines JA. Occlusion of the vortex veins. An experimental study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57(4):217–38.
Hayreh SS. Submacular choroidal vascular pattern- experimental fluorescein fundus angiographic studies. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1974;192:181–96.
Coats G. On the pathology of chorio-vaginal (posterior vortex) veins. Ophthalmol Rev. 1906;25:99–112.
Duke-Elder S, Wybar KC. System of ophthalmology, vol. 2: The anatomy of the visual system. London: Kimpton; 1961. p. 351–8.
Ruskell GL. Peripapillary venous drainage from the choroid: a variable feature in human eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(1):76–9.
Flugel-Koch C, May CA, Lutjen-Drecoll E. Presence of a contractile cell network in the human choroid. Ophthalmologica. 1996;210(5):296–302.
Duke-Elder S, Wybar KC. System of ophthalmology, vol. 2: The anatomy of the visual system. London: Kimpton; 1961. p. 196–201; 354–57.
Ashton N, Smith R. Anatomical study of Schlemm’s canal and aqueous veins by means of neoprene casts. III. Arterial relations of Schlemm’s canal. Br J Ophthalmol. 1953;37(10):577–86.
Elschnig A. Der normale sehnerveneintritt des menschlichen auges: klinische und anatomische Untersuchungen (Denkschriften. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Bd. 70). Vienna: K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei; 1901. p. 219–303.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hayreh, S.S. (2015). The Orbital Veins. In: Ocular Vascular Occlusive Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12781-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12781-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12780-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12781-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)