Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Treating Adolescents with Family-Based Mindfulness pp 333–353Cite as

MDT in the Wider Social Context: Opportunities and Challenges on the Road Ahead

  • Chapter

  • 1204 Accesses

Abstract

As mentioned throughout, it is likely that dysfunctional behaviors originate from a traumatic childhood that is most commonly encountered in the home. In family-based MDT, the family unit is viewed as the patient by acknowledging the important role that interactions and collective and conflicting beliefs play in the behavior of each individual. Furthermore, the strength of the therapeutic relationship and amenability to treatment is of vital importance in ensuring effective outcomes. This applies to all participants in family-based therapy and we believe that the FMDT process is uniquely suited to address these issues. It is especially the collaborative approach, mindfulness inclination, and Validation-Vlarification-Redirection perspective that contribute to successful treatment outcomes with resistant and distressed families. Furthermore, there are various populations and conditions that are considered difficult to treat, or even untreatable, with psychotherapy. Examples are multiple personality disorders, delusional disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. These all have dysfunctional cognitions in common. Therefore, in this chapter we argue that family-based (and individual) MDT is a viable treatment option to treat any belief or thought-oriented disorder. It is also proposed that the MDT theory and principles could be extended to improve psychological functioning and well-being in adult populations and other applications such as organizational development and performance enhancement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2000). Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatment of personality disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(2), 138–143. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.2.138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beamish, G. (2005). How chief executives learn and what behavior factors distinguish them from other people. Industrial and Commercial Trading, 37(3), 138–144. doi:10.1108/00197850510593746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. S., Liese, B. S., & Najavits, L. M. (2005). Cognitive therapy. In R. J. Frances, S. I. Miller, & A. H. Mack (Eds.), Clinical textbook of addictive disorders (3rd ed., pp. 474–501). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R. (2001). Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 71(6), 727–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borduin, C., Curtis, N., & Ronan, K. (2004). Multisystemic treatment: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(3), 411–419. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.3.411

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2009). Organizational development and change (9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., Young, P. R., Salomon, R. M.,…, Gallop, R. (2005). Cognitive therapy vs medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(4), 409–416. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.409

    Google Scholar 

  • Dozois, D. J. A., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive schemas, beliefs and assumptions. In K. S. Dobson & D. J. A. Dozois (Eds.), Risk factors in depression (pp. 121–144). San Diego, CA: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, K. (2012). The wisdom of psychopaths: What saints, spies, and serial killers can teach us about success. New York, NY: Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. S. (2008). Can personality be changed? The role of beliefs in personality and change. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(6), 391–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. S. (2012). Implicit theories. In P. A. M. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), The handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 43–61). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, D. A. (2000). The death of psychotherapy: From Freud to alien abductions. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enos, D. D. (2007). Performance improvement: Making it happen (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Essau, C. A., Sasawaga, S., & Frick, P. J. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 20(10), 1–16. doi:10.1177/1073191106287354

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, J. H. (2006). Neuroanatomical background to understanding the brain of the young psychopath. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 3, 341–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P., Ullrich, S., & Salekin, R. T. (2010). In R. T. Salekin & D. R. Lynam (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathy (pp. 202–230). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feltham, C. (2007). Ethical agonizing. Therapy Today, 18(7), 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, L. (1996). Psychopathy, other-regarding moral beliefs, and responsibility. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 3(4), 261–277. doi:10.1353/ppp.1996.0043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fromm, E. (1981). Primary and secondary process in waking and in altered states of consciousness. Journal of Altered States of Consciousness, 4(2), 115–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, M. B. C., Crits-Christoph, P., Barber, J. P., Stirman, S. W., Gallop, R., Goldstein, L. A., … Ring-Kurtz, S. (2009). Unique and common mechanisms of change across cognitive and dynamic psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 801–813. doi: 10.1037/a0016596

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, S., Ffytche, D., Simmons, A., Kumari, V., Howard, M., Hodgins, S., & Blackwood, N. (2012). The antisocial brain: Psychopathy matters. A structural MRI investigation of antisocial male violent offenders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(9), 962-972. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.222

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P. B., & Hughes, J. N. (1992). Self-control interventions with internalizing disorders: A review and analysis. School Psychology Review, 21(2), 229–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttman, H. A. (1973). A contraindication for family therapy: The prepsychotic or postpsychotic young adult and his parents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29(3), 352–355. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200030050007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the psychopathy checklist-revised (2nd ed.). Cheektowaga, NY: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W. (2003). Advantages and disadvantages of multisystemic therapy and other evidence-based practices for treating juvenile offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 3(4), 53–59. doi:10.1300/J158v03n04_04

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, L. W., Byrd, A. L., Votruba-Drzal, E., Hariri, A. R., & Manuck, S. B. (2014). Amygdala reactivity and negative emotionality: Divergent correlates of antisocial personality and psychopathy traits in a community sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 214–224. doi:10.1037/a0035467

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, S. I., Serralta, F. B., Nunes, M. L. T., & Eizirik, C. L. (2013). Beginning and end of treatment of patients who dropped out of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 35(1), 181–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karver, M. S., Handelsman, J. B., Fields, S., & Bickman, L. (2006). Meta-analysis of therapeutic relationship variables in youth and family therapy: The evidence for different relationship variables in the child and adolescent treatment outcome literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 50–65. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 1–27. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Nock, M. K. (2003). Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: Methodological issues and research recommendations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(8), 1116–1129. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, S., & Price, C. (2011). Beyond performance: How great organizations build ultimate competitive advantage. Hoboken, NJ: McKinsey & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Marsee, M. A., Cruise, K., Munoz, L. C., … Morris, A. S. (2008). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(3), 241–252. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002

    Google Scholar 

  • Kliem, S., Kröger, C., & Kosfelder, J. (2010). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 936–951. doi:10.1037/a0021015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G. (1995). Children’s temperament, mother’s discipline, and security of attachment: Multiple pathways to emerging internalization. Child Development, 66(3), 597–615. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00892.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalik, J., Weller, J., Venter, J., & Drachman, D. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(3), 405–413. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumsta, R., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Rutter, M. (2012). Adolescent callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder in adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(3), 197–201. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.089441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamagna, J. (2011). On the self, by the self, for the self: An intra-relational perspective on intra-psychic attunement and psychological change. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 21(3), 280–307. doi:10.1037/a0025493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lander, N. R., & Nahon, D. (2005). The integrity model of existential psychotherapy in working with the ‘difficult patient’. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46(8), 819–834. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29(3), 202–214. doi:10.1002/ab.10061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. H. (1999). The treatment of psychopathic and antisocial personality disorders: A review. London, UK: Risk Assessment Management and Audit Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral therapy of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2012). From juvenile delinquency to adult crime. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal, S. P., Arya, Y. K., & Pandey, R. (2011). Mindfulness, emotion regulation and subjective wellbeing: An overview of pathways to positive mental health. Indian Journal of Social Science Research, 8(1–2), 159–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal, S. P., Arya, Y. K., & Pandey, R. (2012). Mental health and mindfulness: Mediational role of positive and negative affect. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 19(2), 150–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miermont, J. (1995). The dictionary of family therapy. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1111/b.9780631170488.1995.x

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S., Wampold, B., & Varhely, K. (2008). Direct comparisons of treatment modalities for youth disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 18(1), 5–14. doi:10.1080/10503300701472131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mundt, C., & Backenstrass, M. (2005). Psychotherapy and classification: Psychological, psychodynamic, and cognitive aspects. Psychopathology, 38(4), 219–222. doi:10.1159/000086096

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagayama Hall, G. C. (1995). Sexual offender recidivism revisited: A meta-analysis of recent treatment studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 802–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C. (1990). An eclectic definition of psychotherapy. In J. K. Zeig & W. M. Munion (Eds.), What is psychotherapy? Contemporary perspectives (pp. 218–220). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Older, J. (1977). Four taboos that may limit the success of psychotherapy. Psychiatry: Journal of the Study of Interpersonal Process, 40(3), 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padesky, C. A. (1994). Schema change processes in cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 1(5), 267–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pardini, D. A., Lochman, J. E., & Frick, P. J. (2003). Callous/unemotional traits and social-cognitive processes in adjudicated youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 364–371. doi:10.1097/01.CHI.0000037027.04952.DF

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, C. J. (2007). Getting to the heart of psychopathy. In H. Herve & J. C. Yuille (Eds.), The psychopath: Theory, research, and social implications (pp. 207–252). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perepletchikova, F., Treat, T. A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Treatment integrity in psychotherapy research: Analysis of the studies and examination of the associated factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(6), 829–841. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, K. (2011). What makes juvenile offenders different from adult offenders? Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 409, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salekin, R. T. (2010). Treatment of child and adolescent psychopathy: Focusing on change. In R. T. Salekin & D. R. Lynam (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathy (pp. 343–373). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salekin, R. T., & Lynam, D. R. (2010). An introduction. In R. T. Salekin & D. R. Lynam (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathy (pp. 1–14). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salekin, R. T., Worley, C., & Grimes, R. D. (2010). Treatment of psychopathy: A review and brief introduction to the mental model approach for psychopathy. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28(2), 235–266. doi:10.1002/bsl.928

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, R. (1976). Trust: Its implication in the etiology and treatment of psychopathic youths. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 20(2), 128–133. doi:10.1177/0306624X7602000204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, B., & Flowers, J. V. (2010). How to fail as a therapist: 50+ Ways to lose or damage your patients (2nd ed.). Atascadero, CA: Impact Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segool, N. K., & Carlson, J. S. (2008). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatments for children with social anxiety. Depression and Anxiety, 25(7), 620–631. doi:10.1002/da.20410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinman, I. (2009). Treating the “untreatable”: Healing in the realms of madness. London, UK: Karnac Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swart, J., & Apsche, J. A. (2014a). A comparative treatment efficacy study of conventional therapy and mode deactivation therapy (MDT) for adolescents with conduct disorders, mixed personality disorders, and experiences of childhood trauma. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 9(1), 23–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swart, J., & Apsche, J. A. (2014b). Mode deactivation therapy meta-analysis: Reanalysis and interpretation. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 9(2), 16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2012). Premature discontinuation in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 547–559. doi:10.1037/a0028226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, H. J., & Rees, C. S. (2008). Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled treatment trials for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(5), 489–498. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01875.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R. (2014). Building robust psychotherapies for children and adolescents. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(1), 81–84. doi:10.1177/1745691613512658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., McCarty, C. A., & Valeri, S. M. (2006). Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 132–149. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.132

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Han, S. S., Granger, D. A., & Morton, T. (1995). Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 450–468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. W. (1991). Family factors in the failure of psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 45(4), 499–510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Apsche Center North Spring Behavioral Healthcare, Leesburg, VA, USA

    Joan Swart

  2. Department of Psychology, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Christopher K. Bass

  3. School of Psychology, Walden University, Shepherdstown, WV, USA

    Jack A. Apsche

Authors
  1. Joan Swart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christopher K. Bass
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jack A. Apsche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Swart, J., Bass, C.K., Apsche, J.A. (2015). MDT in the Wider Social Context: Opportunities and Challenges on the Road Ahead. In: Treating Adolescents with Family-Based Mindfulness. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12700-2_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation