Abstract
The level of International interest in the Arctic has surely intensified. It has already been established that, with this interest flows the increased action of international navigation that seeks commercial concern through a shorter sea-route. The first norm of the result of climate change is the geographical issue while the final norm relates to the environmental issue. To be precise, climate change is instigating changes in the legal regime.
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Notes
- 1.
Supra note 46 in Chap. 1, pp. 6–7.
- 2.
Oran R. Young, The Structure of Arctic Cooperation: Solving Problems/Seizing Opportunities. Fourth conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region, Rovaniemi, 2000, available at; http://www.arcticparl.org/_res/site/File/images/conf4_sac.pdf (date accessed 30 March 2012).
- 3.
Supra note 77 in Chap. 3, p. 30, para 2.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
Note that the Arctic Council is created by the Ottawa Declaration 1996.
- 6.
David Scrivener, Environmental Cooperation in the Arctic: From Strategy to Council, Security Policy Library No. 1, (Oslo: Norwegian Atlantic Committee, 1996), Note also that the AEPS divided its activities between working groups and task forces. The four working groups were the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP); Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME); Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR), Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). However, because the AEPS was not supplemented with its own sources of funding and was not a formal treaty, its capacity to provide remedies for the environmental problems it uncovered was to a certain extent restricted. It was these restrictions that paved the way to the creation of the next major environmental arctic initiative i.e. the Arctic Council.
- 7.
Supra note 77 in Chap. 3, where it is stated that the Council compels the senior leaders to focus on Arctic issues every two years when ministerial meetings are held.
- 8.
Linda Nowlan, Arctic Legal Regime for Environmental Protection, 2001, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and ICEL, Bonn, Germany, available at; http://weavingaweb.org/pdfdocuments/EPLP44EN.pdf (date accessed 31 March 2012).
- 9.
David VanderZwaag, R. Huebert and Stacey Ferrara, The Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy, Arctic Council and Multilateral Environmental Initiatives: Tinkering while the Arctic Marine Environment Totters, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 30:2, pp. 131–171.
- 10.
Official Webpage of OSPAR, available at; http://www.ospar.org/content/content.asp?menu=00340108070000_000000_000000 (date accessed 27 February 2012).
- 11.
Ibid.
- 12.
Ibid., p. 105.
- 13.
Meinhard Doelle, Climate Change and the Use of the Dispute Settlement Regime of the Law of the Sea Convention, Ocean Development International Law, 2006, Vol. 37, Issue: 3–4, Taylor & Francis Publishers, pp. 319–337.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Supra note 77 in Chap. 3, p. 40.
- 16.
Ibid., pp. 41–43.
- 17.
R. Hubert and Brooks B. Yeager, A New Sea: The Need for a Regional Agreement on Management and Conservation of the Arctic Marine Environment, January 2008, A Report Published by WWF International Arctic Programme, Oslo, Norway, p. 23.
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Johansson, T., Donner, P. (2015). Emanation of Environmental Issues and Regional Responses. In: The Shipping Industry, Ocean Governance and Environmental Law in the Paradigm Shift. SpringerBriefs in Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12541-1_4
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