Abstract
Research on human-induced climate change has a long history. The Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius quantified the impact of the infrared absorption capacity of the greenhouse gas CO2 as early as 1896. He pointed out that cutting its concentration in the earth’s atmosphere by half would produce an ice age, while doubling the concentration would result in a warming of 5–6 °C (Arrhenius 1896). After almost a century of further scientific analysis, the US National Academy of Sciences was asked by the US government administration to assess the scientific basis concerning the projection of possible future climate change resulting from anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. The respective report (Charney et al. 1979) found that a doubling of the earth’s atmospheric CO2 concentration was associated with a temperature increase of 1.5–4.5 °C, an assessment that has been repeatedly reconfirmed since. The report also concluded, that “it appears that the warming will eventually occur, and the associated regional climatic changes so important to the assessment of socioeconomic consequences may well be significant, but unfortunately the latter cannot yet be adequately projected” (Charney et al. 1979, p. 3).
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Notes
- 1.
This range for the Alpine region refers to the “likely” range, i.e. the 17–83 ‰. To be fully comparable with the global temperature range given by IPCC, which refers to the 5–95 ‰, the range for the Alpine region would be larger.
- 2.
The three most often applied Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) to date are DICE (Dynamic Integrated Climate and Economy), PAGE (Policy Analysis of the Greenhouse Effect), and FUND (Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation, and Distribution), with model descriptions given by Nordhaus (1991, 2011) and Hope (2006)—on which the Stern review is based (Stern 2007)—and Tol 2002a, b, respectively. They are used to provide total net present values for future damage over time and to estimate the marginal social costs of carbon (the damage cost of an extra tonne of GHG emissions). Their use to this end has been questioned, most importantly for arbitrary parameter choice in social welfare functions, ill-founded climate sensitivity (the temperature increase a GHG doubling implies), arbitrary and non-empirical based climate damage functions (usually a functional relationship between temperature increase and (regional) GDP loss, for FUND also distinguishing individual sectors), and neglect of consideration of possible catastrophic outcomes. For a detailed discussion see Pindyck (2013).
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Acknowledgements
Financial support for this research by the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund for the project COIN, carried out within the Austrian Climate Research Programme (ACRP) is thankfully acknowledged.
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Steininger, K.W. (2015). Introduction. In: Steininger, K., König, M., Bednar-Friedl, B., Kranzl, L., Loibl, W., Prettenthaler, F. (eds) Economic Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts. Springer Climate. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12457-5_1
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