Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Ethical Financial Question and the MCDM Framework

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Socially Responsible Investment

Part of the book series: International Series in Operations Research & Management Science ((ISOR,volume 219))

Abstract

This chapter explains the financial meaning and importance of Socially Responsible Investment (SRI), also called ethical investment. Currently, SRI is a private initiative to invest increasing flows of financial resources in environmentally and socially sustainable activities and to invest nothing in anti-ethical projects. Main SRI agents are banks and institutional investors who are engaged in policies such as sustainable consumption of energy and natural resources, ecosystem protection, advanced medical projects, technological research, education of young entrepreneurs, anti-tobacco campaigns, safety and healthcare in the workplace, and others. These agents think that traditional financial criteria such as profitability and risk should be combined with SRI criteria to select stock portfolios. In SRI, Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches seem to be helpful as several criteria, not only financial but also environmental, social or governance concerns are taken into account. Regarding MCDM, a brief overview is included in this chapter to introduce this methodology into SRI decision problems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdelaziz, F., & Masri, H. (2005). Stochastic programming with fuzzy linear partial information on probability distribution. European Journal of Operational Research, 162(3), 619–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdelaziz, F. B., Aouni, B., & Fayedh, R. E. (2007). Multi-objective stochastic programming for portfolio selection. European Journal of Operational Research, 177(3), 1811–1823.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anand, P., & Cowton, C. J. (1993). The ethical investor: Exploring dimensions of investment behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 14(2), 377–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aouni, B. (2009). Multi-attribute portfolio selection: New perspectives. INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research, 47(1), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aouni, B. (2010). Portfolio selection through the goal programming model: An overview. Journal of Financial Decision Making, 6(2), 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aouni, B., Ben Abdelaziz, F., & Martel, J. M. (2005). Decision-maker’s preferences modeling in the stochastic goal programming. European Journal of Operational Research, 162(3), 610–618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aouni, B., Colapinto, C., & La Torre, D. (2014). Financial portfolio management through the goal programming model: Current state-of-the-art. European Journal of Operational Research, 234(2), 536–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arenas Parra, M., Bilbao Terol, A., & Rodrıguez Urıa, M. (2001). A fuzzy goal programming approach to portfolio selection. European Journal of Operational Research, 133(2), 287–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argandoña, A., & Sarsa, D. (2000). Ethical funds as a tool for promoting ethics in business. Technical report, IESE Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azmi, R., & Tamiz, M. (2010). “A review of goal programming for portfolio selection”. In: D. Jones, M. Tamiz, & J. Ries, (Eds), New developments in multiple objective and goal programming. Lecture notes in economics and mathematical systems, 638, Springer, Berlin, 15–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballestero, E. (2005). Mean-semivariance efficient frontier: A downside risk model for portfolio selection. Applied Mathematical Finance, 12(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballestero, E., & Pla-Santamaria, D. (2003). Portfolio selection on the Madrid ex-change: A compromise programming model. International Transactions in Operational Research, 10(1), 33–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballestero, E., & Pla-Santamaria, D. (2004). Selecting portfolios for mutual funds. Omega, 32(5), 385–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballestero, E., & Pla-Santamaria, D. (2005). Grading the performance of market indicators with utility benchmarks selected from Footsie: A 2000 case study. Applied Economics, 37(18), 2147–2160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballestero, E., & Romero, C. (1998). Multiple criteria decision making and its applications to economic problems. Boston: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballestero, E., et al. (2009). Selecting portfolios given multiple Eurostoxx-based uncertainty scenarios: A stochastic goal programming approach from fuzzy betas. INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research, 47(1), 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballestero, E., et al. (2012). Socially responsible investment: A multicriteria approach to portfolio selection combining ethical and financial objectives. European Journal of Operational Research, 216(2), 487–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balzer, L. (1994). Measuring investment risk: A review. The Journal of Investing, 3(3), 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beal, D., & Goyen, M. (1998). Putting your money where your mouth is a profile of ethical investors. Financial Services Review, 7(2), 129–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckerman, W. (2002). A poverty of reason: Sustainable development and economic growth. Oakland: The Independent Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilbao-Terol, A., et al. (2006). Fuzzy compromise programming for portfolio selection. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 173(1), 251–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilbao-Terol, A., Arenas-Parra, M., & Cañal-Fernández, V. (2012). Selection of socially responsible portfolios using goal programming and fuzzy technology. Information Sciences, 189, 110–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilbao-Terol, A., et al. (2013). Selection of socially responsible portfolios using hedonic prices. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(3), 515–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjornsgaard, K. (2011). Religious society of friends (Quakers). In G. T. Kurian (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, H. R., & Lareau, T. J. (1985). Should we invest in socially irresponsible firms? The Journal of Portfolio Management, 11(4), 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borch, K. (1969). A note on uncertainty and indifference curves. The Review of Economic Studies, 36(1), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brammer, S. J., & Pavelin, S. (2006). Corporate reputation and social performance: The importance of fit. Journal of Management Studies, 43(3), 435–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bravo, M., Pla-Santamaria, D., & Garcia-Bernabeu, A. (2010). Portfolio selection from multiple benchmarks: A goal programming approach to an actual case. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 17(5–6), 155–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briec, W., & Kerstens, K. (2010). Portfolio selection in multidimensional general and partial moment space. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 34(4), 636–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruyn, S. T. (1987). The field of social investment. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabello, J. M., et al. (2014). Synthetic indicators of mutual funds environmental responsibility: An application of the reference point method. European Journal of Operational Research, 236(1), 313–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvo, C., Ivorra, C., & Liern, V. (2014). Fuzzy portfolio selection with non-financial goals: Exploring the efficient frontier. Annals of Operations Research, 1–16. DOI 10.1007/s10479-014-1561-2 (published online the 14 February 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cañal-Fernández, V., & Caso, C. (2013). Caracterización de los Inversores Españoles: la Influencia de la Inversión Socialmente Responsable (Spanish Investors Characterization: The Influence of Socially Responsible Investment) (April 17, 2013). Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad (REFC), Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2252932

  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Ferguson, R. O. (1955). Optimal estimation of executive compensation by linear programming. Management Science, 1(2), 138–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clavero, S. B. (1985). Usura: del uso económico de la religión en la historia. Madrid: Tecnos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Contini, B., & Zionts, S. (1968). Restricted bargaining for organizations with multiple objectives. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 36(2), 397–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, T., & Weston, J. (1988). Financial theory and corporate finance. Reading: Addison Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowton, C. J. (1989). Ethical investing and the demand for information. Oxford: Templeton College, WW Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowton, C. (1992). The ethics of advertising: Do investors care? International Journal of Advertising, 11(2), 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, R. J., Kat, H. M., & Lu, S. (2009). Fund of hedge funds portfolio selection: A multiple-objective approach. Journal of Derivatives & Hedge Funds, 15(2), 91–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domini, A. L., & Kinder, P. D. (1984). Ethical investing. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorfleitner, G., Leidl, M., & Reeder, J. (2012). Theory of social returns in portfolio choice with application to microfinance. Journal of Asset Management, 13(6), 384–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drut, B. (2010). Sovereign bonds and socially responsible investment. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(1), 131–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elton, J., & Gruber, M. (1984). Modern portfolio theory and investment analysis. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldstein, M. (1969). Mean mean variance analysis in the theory of liquidity preference and portfolio selection. Review of Economic Studies, 36, 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, V. C., et al. (2009). Inversión socialmente responsable. Revista de economía financiera, 19, 8–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haigh, M. (2007). What counts in social managed investments: Evidence from an international survey. Advances in Public Interest Accounting, 13, 35–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallerbach, W., et al. (2004). A framework for managing a portfolio of socially responsible investments. European Journal of Operational Research, 153(2), 517–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanock, G., & Levy, H. (1969). The efficiency analysis of choices involving risk. Review of Economic Studies, 36, 335–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heard, J. (1978). Investor responsibility: An idea whose time has come? The Journal of Portfolio Management, 4(3), 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, X., Nekrasov, A., & Teoh, S. H. (2013). Headline salience and over-and underreactions to earnings. Available at SSRN 2101887.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, R. B., D’Antonio, L., & Johnsen, T. (1998). Socially responsible investing growing issues and new opportunities. Business & Society, 37(3), 281–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignizio, J. P. (1976). Goal programming and extensions (Vol. 26). Lexington: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignizio, J. P. (1985). Introduction to linear goal programming. California: Sage Beverly Hills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inuiguchi, M., & Ramık, J. (2000). Possibilistic linear programming: A brief review of fuzzy mathematical programming and a comparison with stochastic programming in portfolio selection problem. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 111(1), 3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jondeau, E., & Rockinger, M. (2006). Optimal portfolio allocation under higher moments. European Financial Management, 12(1), 29–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, E. (1990). Investing with a social conscience. New York: Pharos Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. P., Swanson, D. L., & Nelson, L. K. (2001). Culture-based expectations of corporate citizenship: A propositional framework and comparison of four cultures. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 9(2), 149–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1976). Decision analysis with multiple conflicting objectives. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerstens, K., Mounir, A., & Van de Woestyne, I. (2011). Geometric representation of the mean–variance–skewness portfolio frontier based upon the shortage function. European Journal of Operational Research, 210(1), 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keynes, J. M. (2006). General theory of employment, interest and money. Atlantic Publishers & Dist., New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köksalan, M., Wallenius, J., & Zionts, S. (2013). An early history of multiple criteria decision making. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 20(1–2), 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konno, H., & Yamazaki, H. (1991). Mean-absolute deviation portfolio optimization model and its applications to Tokyo stock market. Management Science, 37, 519–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korhonen, P., Wallenius, J., & Zionts, S. (1984). Solving the discrete multiple criteria problem using convex cones. Management Science, 30(11), 1336–1345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krink, T., & Paterlini, S. (2011). Multiobjective optimization using differential evolution for real-world portfolio optimization. Computational Management Science, 8(1–2), 157–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. (1972). Goal programming for decision analysis. Philadelphia: Auerbach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, H. (1974). The rationale of the mean-standard deviation analysis: Comment. The American Economic Review, 64(3), 434–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A., & Mackenzie, C. (2000a). Morals, money, ethical investing and economic psychology. Human Relations, 53(2), 179–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A., & Mackenzie, C. (2000b). Support for investor activism among UK ethical investors. Journal of Business Ethics, 24(3), 215–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. H., Yang, H. L., & Liou, D. Y. (2009). The impact of corporate social responsibility on financial performance: Evidence from business in Taiwan. Technology in Society, 31(1), 56–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowry, R. P. (1993). Good money: A guide to profitable social investing in the ’90s. New York: WW Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malkiel, B. G., & Quandt, R. E. (1971). Moral issues in investment policy. Harvard Business Review, 49(2), 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansini, R., Ogryczak, W., & Speranza, M. G. (2007). Conditional value at risk and related linear programming models for portfolio optimization. Annals of Operations Research, 152(1), 227–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio selection. The Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlin, A. (1986). Social investing: Potent force for political change. Business and Society Review, 57, 96–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, J., & Gardner, J. (2004). A comparison of socially responsible and conventional investors. Journal of Business Ethics, 52(1), 11–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metaxiotis, K., & Liagkouras, K. (2012). Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms for portfolio management: A comprehensive literature review. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(14), 11685–11698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G., & Spoolman, S. (2011). Living in the environment: Principles, connections, and solutions. Andover: Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miranda Boto, J. (2009). Las competencias de la Comunidad Europea en materia social. Cizur Menor: Thomson-Aranzadi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawrocki, D. (1999). A brief history of downside risk measures. The Journal of Investing, 8(3), 9–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noreen, E. (1988). The economics of ethics: A new perspective on agency theory. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 13(4), 359–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogryczak, W. (2000). Multiple criteria linear programming model for portfolio selection. Annals of Operations Research, 97(1–4), 143–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, R. F., & Pienta, D. A. (1994). Economic criteria versus ethical criteria toward resolving a basic dilemma in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(1), 71–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, C. S., Huang, J. J., & Tzeng, G. H. (2005). A novel hybrid model for portfolio selection. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 169(2), 1195–1210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pendaraki, K., Doumpos, M., & Zopounidis, C. (2004). Towards a goal programming methodology for constructing equity mutual fund portfolios. Journal of Asset Management, 4(6), 415–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez Gladish, B., Jones, D., Tamiz, M., & Bilbao-Terol, A. (2007). An interactive three-stage model for mutual funds portfolio selection. Omega, 35(1), 75–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, A. J., Chang, C. H., & Pactwa, T. E. (2003). Selecting a portfolio with skewness: Recent evidence from US, European, and Latin American equity markets. Journal of Banking & Finance, 27(7), 1375–1390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renneboog, L., Horst, J., & Zhang, C. (2008). Socially responsible investments: Institutional aspects, performance, and investor behavior. Journal of Banking & Finance, 32(9), 1723–1742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez, R., Luque, M., & González, M. (2011). Portfolio selection in the Spanish stock market by interactive multiobjective programming. Top, 19(1), 213–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roman, D., Darby-Dowman, K., & Mitra, G. (2007). Mean-risk models using two risk measures: A multi-objective approach. Quantitative Finance, 7(4), 443–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero, C. (1991). Handbook of critical issues in goal programming. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, B. N., Sandler, D. M., & Shani, D. (1991). Social issues and socially responsible investment behavior: A preliminary empirical investigation. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 25(2), 221–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudd, A. (1981). Social-responsibility and portfolio performance. California Management Review, 23(4), 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saaty, T. (1977). A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15, 234–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, H., Sharma, D. (2006). A multi-objective decision-making approach for mutual fund portfolio. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 4(6), 13–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Sismondi, J. (1991). New principles of political economy [1819]. New Brunswick: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (1776). The wealth ofnations. New York: The Modern Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sortino, F. A., & Price Lee, N. (1994). Performance measurement in a downside risk framework. The Journal of Investing, 3(3), 59–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soubbotina, T. P. (2004). Beyond economic growth: An introduction to sustainable development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spronk, J., Steuer, R.E., & Zopounidis, C. (2005). Multicriteria Decision Aid/Analysis in Finance. In J. Figueira, S. Greco, & M. Ehrgott, (Eds.), Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys (pp. 799–858). Springer Verlag, Boston, Dordrecht, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steuer, R. E., & Na, P. (2003). Multiple criteria decision making combined with finance: A categorized bibliographic study. European Journal of Operational Research, 150(3), 496–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steuer, R. E., Qi, Y., & Hirschberger, M. (2005). Multiple objectives in portfolio selection. Journal of Financial Decision Making, 1(1), 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steuer, R. E., Qi, Y., & Hirschberger, M. (2007). Suitable-portfolio investors, nondominated frontier sensitivity, and the effect of multiple objectives on standard portfolio selection. Annals of Operations Research, 152(1), 297–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamiz, M., Azmi, R. A., & Jones, D. F. (2013). On selecting portfolio of international mutual funds using goal programming with extended factors. European Journal of Operational Research, 226(3), 560–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, J. (1957). Liquidity preference as behavior towards risk. Review of Economic Studies, 25(1), 65–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utz, S., et al. (2014). Tri-criterion inverse portfolio optimization with application to socially responsible mutual funds. European Journal of Operational Research, 234(2), 491–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigand, E. M., Brown, K. R., & Wilhem, E. M. (1996). Socially principled investing: Caring about ethics and profitability. TRUSTS AND ESTATES-ATLANTA-, 135, 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. B. (1938). The theory of investment value (Vol. 36). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xidonas, P., & Psarras, J. (2009). Equity portfolio management within the MCDM frame: A literature review. International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, 1(3), 285–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xidonas, P., Mavrotas, G., & Psarras, J. (2010). Portfolio management within the frame of multiobjective mathematical programming: A categorised bibliographic study. International Journal of Operational Research, 8(1), 21–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, P. L. (1985). Multiple criteria decision-making: Concepts, techniques and extensions. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J. R., & Lee, W. Y. (2011). Portfolio rebalancing model using multiple criteria. European Journal of Operational Research, 209(2), 166–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeleny, M. (1982). Multiple criteria decision making. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, H. (1992). Fuzzy set theory and its applications (2nd, Rev. ed.). Springer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zionts, S. (1979). MCDM-if not a roman numeral, then what? Interfaces, 9(4), 94–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zionts, S., & Wallenius, J. (1976). An interactive programming method for solving the multiple criteria problem. Management Science, 22(6), 652–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zopounidis, C., & Doumpos, M. (2002). Multi-criteria decision aid in financial decision making: Methodologies and literature review. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 11(4–5), 167–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zopounidis, C., & Doumpos, M. (2013). Multicriteria decision systems for financial problems. Top, 21(2), 241–261.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universitat Politècnica de València, Alcoy, Spain

    Enrique Ballestero & Ana Garcia-Bernabeu

  2. Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. del Cristo s/n, 33006, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain

    Blanca Pérez-Gladish

Authors
  1. Enrique Ballestero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Blanca Pérez-Gladish
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana Garcia-Bernabeu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Blanca Pérez-Gladish .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universitat Politècnica de València, Alcoy, Spain

    Enrique Ballestero

  2. Department of Quantitative Economics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain

    Blanca Pérez-Gladish

  3. Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universitat Politècnica de València, Alcoy, Spain

    Ana Garcia-Bernabeu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ballestero, E., Pérez-Gladish, B., Garcia-Bernabeu, A. (2015). The Ethical Financial Question and the MCDM Framework. In: Ballestero, E., Pérez-Gladish, B., Garcia-Bernabeu, A. (eds) Socially Responsible Investment. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol 219. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11836-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation