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The Contribution of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury

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Cellular Therapy for Stroke and CNS Injuries

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mortality and disability among young people in high-income countries. No single-agent treatment has been successfully translated to the clinical setting, hence there is still the need to focus on strategies that simultaneously act on multiple injury mechanisms. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are ideal candidates since they act on multiple mechanisms of protection and repair, improving structural and functional outcome after experimental TBI. The magnitude of protection varies extremely in different studies. Besides conceptual issues and methodological differences between injury models and laboratories, heterogeneity of MSC populations also affects the outcomes. This chapter focuses on the biology of MSCs, on mechanisms of brain protection and repair and on open questions that need to be addressed in order to increase effectiveness, reduce variability and safely move from preclinical studies to clinical application.

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Abbreviations

AKI :

Acute kidney injury

BBB :

Blood-brain barrier

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BM:

Bone marrow

BMMCs:

BM-derived mononuclear cells

BrdU :

5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine

CBF:

Cerebral blood flow

CCl4 :

Carbon tetrachloride

CCI :

Controlled cortical impact

CNS:

Central nervous system

CTs :

Clinical trials

DCX:

Doublecortin

GCS :

Glasgow coma scale

GDNF:

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor

GFAP :

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GMP :

Good manufacturing practices

ia :

Intra-arterial

ic :

Intracerebral

icv:

intracerebroventricular

IDO:

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase

IL :

Interleukin

INF:

Interferon

ISTC:

International Society for Cellular Therapy

iv :

Intravenous

MAPC:

Multipotent adult progenitor cells

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1

MIP-2 :

Macrophage inflammatory protein-2

MMP :

Matrix metalloproteinase

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MSC :

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells

NGF :

Nerve growth factor

NO :

Nitric oxide

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

NT-3 :

Neurotrophin-3

PGE-2:

Prostaglandin E2

ROS :

Reactive oxygen species

Sgz:

Subgranular zone

Svz:

Subventricular zone

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TIMP-3:

Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3

tPA :

Tissue plasminogen activator

TNF-α :

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Trk :

Tyrosine kinase receptor

TSG-6:

Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

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Acknowledgments

We thank Eliana Sammali and Federica Marchesi for the artwork.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156, Milan, Italy

    Elisa R. Zanier MD, Francesca Pischiutta & Maria-Grazia De Simoni

  2. Institute of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

    Emanuela Parotto

  3. Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza-Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy

    Maddalena Caruso & Ornella Parolini

Authors
  1. Elisa R. Zanier MD
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  2. Francesca Pischiutta
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  3. Emanuela Parotto
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  4. Maddalena Caruso
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  5. Ornella Parolini
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  6. Maria-Grazia De Simoni
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Elisa R. Zanier MD or Maria-Grazia De Simoni .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical College, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Li-Ru Zhao

  2. Loma Linda University School of Medicine Depts of Physiology, Loma Linda, California, USA

    John H. Zhang

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© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Zanier, E., Pischiutta, F., Parotto, E., Caruso, M., Parolini, O., De Simoni, MG. (2015). The Contribution of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury. In: Zhao, LR., Zhang, J. (eds) Cellular Therapy for Stroke and CNS Injuries. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11481-1_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11481-1_11

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11480-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-11481-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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