Abstract
Tremendous technological advancement has been observed in the past few decades to combat ever increasing mortality rate in cancer therapy. It is now widely accepted that this reduction in mortality can be addressed effectively by materializing the concept of magic bullet, i.e., localizing the drug in concern at the site of action, thereby sparing normal tissues from unwanted toxicities and drastically improving the therapeutic efficacy. The present chapter inculcates such recent advances in the tumor targeting approaches. Basics of the peculiar tumor microenvironment and its discrimination from normal tissues have been primarily covered in brief to provide a background for the better understanding of the design and development of molecular and physicochemical targets. Concomitantly, barriers offered by altered tumor microenvironment to the drug delivery of anticancer drugs have been covered. The subsequent sections covers the conventional strategies for tumor targeting which essentially comprises passive targeting, active targeting, and physical targeting followed by recent advances in the tumor targeting approaches from clinical perspectives. These include deeper insights on molecular targeted therapies, tumor angiogenesis , cancer immunotherapy, and drug delivery of multiple drug resistance tumors. In a nutshell, with the advent of the molecularly targeted therapies, targeting tumor specific surface antigens and intracellular processes and components is a rapidly shifting paradigm of cancer therapy and unexceptional results have been observed till date by appropriately blending it with nanotechnology based approaches.
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Abbreviations
- 17 AAG:
-
17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin
- 17-DMAG:
-
17-dimethylaminoethylamine-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin
- ADCC:
-
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- ADEPT :
-
Antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy
- ANA:
-
Monoclonal antinuclear autoantibody
- ASM:
-
Acid sphingomyelinase
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BCS:
-
Biopharmaceutical classification system
- BET:
-
Bromodomain and extra-terminal
- BP:
-
Binding protein
- BRCA:
-
Breast cancer gene
- CDC:
-
Complement-activation dependent cytotoxicity
- CDKs:
-
Cyclin dependent kinases
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CTLA:
-
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen
- dgRTA:
-
Deglycosylated ricin A chain
- DMXAA:
-
5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid
- DNA:
-
Deoxy ribose nucleic acid
- DOTA:
-
d-Tyr-d-Lys(HSG)-d-Glu-d-Lys(HSG)-NH2
- EBRT:
-
External-beam radiation therapy
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- EPCs:
-
Endothelial precursor cells
- EZH2:
-
Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2
- FAK:
-
Focal adhesion kinase
- FDG:
-
2-Deoxy-2-(18F) fluoro-d-glucose
- GMCSF:
-
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP78:
-
78 kDa glucose-regulated protein
- H3K4me3/2:
-
Trimethylation and dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4
- HAMA:
-
Human anti-mouse antibody
- HARA:
-
Human anti-ricin antibody
- hCG:
-
Human chorionic gonadotrophin
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- HER2:
-
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HIF:
-
Hypoxia inducible factor
- HOP:
-
HSP90 organizing protein
- HPMA:
-
N-(2-hydroxy propyl) methacrylamide
- HSP:
-
Heat shock proteins
- IFP:
-
Interstitial fluid pressure
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IMP-288:
-
1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N′″-tetraacetic acid
- JAG1:
-
Jagged 1 protein
- LECs:
-
Lymphatic endothelial cells
- LLC:
-
Lewis lung carcinoma
- LTTs:
-
Ligand-targeted therapeutics
- mAbs:
-
Monoclonal antibody
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCT:
-
Monocarboxylate transporters
- MMPs:
-
Matrix metalloproteinases
- MPS:
-
Macrophagocytosis systems
- mTOR:
-
Mechanistic target of rapamycin
- Myc:
-
Myelocytomatosis oncogene
- p14ARF :
-
Alternate reading frame
- PI-3:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PDEPT:
-
Polymer directed enzyme prodrug therapy
- PE:
-
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
- PKB:
-
Protein kinase B
- PSMC2:
-
26S protease regulatory subunit 7 gene
- pRb:
-
Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein
- RAIT:
-
Radioimmunotherapy
- Rb:
-
Retinoblastoma
- RBC:
-
Red blood cell
- RES:
-
Reticuloendothelial system
- SAR:
-
Structure–activity relationship
- STA:
-
3-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-phenyl)-4-(1-methyl-indol-5-yl)-5-hydroxy-[1,2,4]triazole
- TCMC:
-
2-(4-isothiocyanotobenzyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraaza-1, 4, 7, 10-tetra-(2-carbamonyl methyl)-cyclododecane
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factors
- TP53/p53:
-
Tumor protein P53
- VEGF :
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- vSMCs:
-
Vascular smooth muscle cells
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
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Thanki, K., Kushwah, V., Jain, S. (2015). Recent Advances in Tumor Targeting Approaches. In: Devarajan, P., Jain, S. (eds) Targeted Drug Delivery : Concepts and Design. Advances in Delivery Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_2
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