Abstract
The structure and function of membrane skeleton (MS) is gaining its significance in the recent years. Considerable development has been made in our understanding of the role of the many erythrocyte MS proteins in regulating normal and pathologic features of erythrocyte membrane physiology. This review focuses on erythrocyte MS, its organization, protein-protein and protein lipid interactions. Various functions of MS and their alterations are also dealt here. The molecular defects that result in the most common erythrocyte membrane disorder, hereditary spherocytosis and the diverse defect that produce hereditary elliptocytosis are briefly described here. The most common molecular lesions in these erythrocyte phenotypes involve mutations in α and β-spectrin genes; ankyrin, band 3, 4.1R, 4.2 and Glycophorin C can also produce such hereditary hemolytic disorders. Finally, we have explored MS alterations induced by the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in the infected erythrocytes. This review article attests to the enormous progress in our understanding of the contribution of erythrocyte membrane skeletal proteins to human diseases.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agre P, Orringer EP, Bennett V (1982) Deficient red-cell spectrin in severe, recessively inherited spherocytosis. N Engl J Med 306:1155–1161
Agre P, Casella JF, Zinkham WH, Mcmillan C, Bennett V (1985) Partial deficiency of erythrocyte spectrin in hereditary spherocytosis. Nature 314:380–383
Beck KA, Nelson WJ (1998) A spectrin membrane skeleton of the Golgi complex. Biochim Biophys Acta 1404:153–160
Bennett V (1979) Immunoreactive forms of human-erythrocyte ankyrin are present in diverse cells and tissues. Nature 281:597–599
Bennett V (1985) The membrane skeleton of human erythrocytes and its implications for more complex cells. Annu Rev Biochem 54:273–304
Bennett V, Stenbuck PJ (1979a) Identification and partial-purification of ankyrin, the high-affinity membrane attachment site for human-erythrocyte spectrin. J Biol Chem 254:2533–2541
Bennett V, Stenbuck PJ (1979b) Membrane attachment protein for spectrin is associated with band-3 in human-erythrocyte membranes. Nature 280:468–473
Bennett V, Stenbuck PJ (1980) Association between ankyrin and the cytoplasmic domain of band-3 isolated from the human-erythrocyte membrane. J Biol Chem 255:6424–6432
Bennett V, Davis J, Fowler WE (1982) Brain spectrin, a membrane-associated protein related in structure and function to erythrocyte spectrin. Nature 299:126–131
Chishti AH, Maalouf GJ, Marfatia S, Palek J, Wang W, Fisher D, Liu SC (1994) Phosphorylation of protein-4.1 in plasmodium-falciparum-infected human red-blood-cells. Blood 83:3339–3345
Coetzer T, Lawler J, Prchal JT, Palek J (1987) Molecular determinants of clinical expression of hereditary elliptocytosis and pyropoikilocytosis. Blood 70:766–772
Coetzer T, Palek J, Lawler J, Liu SC, Jarolim P, Lahav M, Prchal JT, Wang W, Alter BP, Schewitz G, Mankad V, Gallanello R, Cao A (1990) Structural and functional-heterogeneity of alpha-spectrin mutations involving the spectrin heterodimer self-association site—relationships to hematologic expression of homozygous hereditary elliptocytosis and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis. Blood 75:2235–2244
Coetzer TL, Sahr K, Prchal J, Blacklock H, Peterson L, Koler R, Doyle J, Manaster J, Palek J (1991) Four different mutations in codon 28 of alpha-spectrin are associated with structurally and functionally abnormal spectrin alpha-i/74 in hereditary elliptocytosis. J Clin Invest 88:743–749
Conboy JG, Chasis JA, Winardi R, Tchernia G, Kan YW, Mohandas N (1993) An isoform-specific mutation in the protein 4.1 gene results in hereditary elliptocytosis and complete deficiency of protein 4.1 in erythrocytes but not in nonerythroid cells. J Clin Invest 91:77–82
Cooke BM, Mohandas N, Coppel RL (2001) The malaria-infected red blood cell: structural and functional changes. Adv Parasitol 50:1–86
Cooke BM, Mohandas N, Coppel RL (2004) Malaria and the red blood cell membrane. Semin Hematol 41:173–188
Cooke BM, Buckingham DW, Glenister FK, Fernandez KM, Bannister LH, Marti M, Mohandas N, Coppel RL (2006) A Maurer’s cleft-associated protein is essential for expression of the major malaria virulence antigen on the surface of infected red blood cells. J Cell Biol 172:899–908
Corbett JD, Agre P, Palek J, Golan DE (1994) Differential control of band-3 lateral and rotational mobility in intact red-cells. J Clin Invest 94:683–688
Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N (2013) Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders. Blood Rev 27:167–178
Dalla Venezia N, Maillet P, Morle L, Roda L, Delaunay J, Baklouti F (1998) A large deletion within the protein 4.1 gene associated with a stable truncated mRNA and an unaltered tissue-specific alternative splicing. Blood 91:4361–4367
del Giudice EM, Lombardi C, Francese M, Nobili B, Conte ML, Amendola G, Cutillo S, Iolascon A, Perrotta S (1998) Frequent de novo monoallelic expression of beta-spectrin gene (SPTB) in children with hereditary spherocytosis and isolated spectrin deficiency. Br J Haematol 101:251–254
del Giudice EM, Nobili B, Francese M, D’Urso L, Iolascon A, Eber S, Perrotta S (2001) Clinical and molecular evaluation of non-dominant hereditary spherocytosis. Br J Haematol 112:42–47
Delaunay J, Dhermy D (1993) Mutations involving the spectrin heterodimer contact site—clinical expression and alterations in specific function. Semin Hematol 30:21–33
delGiudice EM, Hayette S, Bozon M, Perrotta S, Alloisio N, Vallier A, Iolascon A, Delaunay T, Morle L (1996) Ankyrin Napoli: A de novo deletional frameshift mutation in exon 16 of ankyrin gene (ANK1) associated with spherocytosis. Br J Haematol 93:828–834
Demiralp DO, Peker S, Turgut B, Akar N (2012) Comprehensive identification of erythrocyte membrane protein deficiency by 2D gel electrophoresis based proteomic analysis in hereditary elliptocytosis and spherocytosis. Proteomics Clin Appl 6:403–411
Derick LH, Liu SC, Chishti AH, Palek J (1992) Protein immunolocalization in the spread erythrocyte-membrane skeleton. Eur J Cell Biol 57:317–320
Dhermy D, Galand C, Bournier O, Boulanger L, Cynober T, Schismanoff PO, Bursaux E, Tchernia G, Boivin P, Garbarz M (1997) Heterogenous band 3 deficiency in hereditary spherocytosis related to different band 3 gene defects. Br J Haematol 98:32–40 (vol 99, pg 474, 1997)
Discher D, Parra M, Conboy JG, Mohandas N (1993) Mechanochemistry of the alternatively spliced spectrin-actin binding domain in membrane skeletal protein-4.1. J Biol Chem 268:7186–7195
Eber S, Lux SE (2004) Hereditary spherocytosis—defects in proteins that connect the membrane skeleton to the lipid bilayer. Semin Hematol 41:118–141
Fowler VM (1990) Tropomodulin—a cytoskeletal protein that binds to the end of erythrocyte tropomyosin and inhibits tropomyosin binding to actin. J Cell Biol 111:471–482
Fowler VM, Bennett V (1984) Erythrocyte-membrane tropomyosin—purification and properties. J Biol Chem 259:5978–5989
Gallagher PG (2004) Hereditary elliptocytosis: spectrin and protein 4.1R. Semin Hematol 41:142–164
Gallagher PG, Petruzzi MJ, Weed SA, Zhang ZS, Marchesi SL, Mohandas N, Morrow JS, Forget BG (1997) Mutation of a highly conserved residue of beta I spectrin associated with fatal and near-fatal neonatal hemolytic anemia. J Clin Invest 99:267–277
Gardner K, Bennett V (1987) Modulation of spectrin actin assembly by erythrocyte adducin. Nature 328:359–362
Giorgi M, Cianci CD, Gallagher PG, Morrow JS (2001) Spectrin oligomerization is cooperatively coupled to membrane assembly: a linkage targeted by many hereditary hemolytic anemias? Exp Mol Pathol 70:215–230
Greenwood BM, Fidock DA, Kyle DE, Kappe SHI, Alonso PL, Collins FH, Duffy PE (2008) Malaria: progress, perils, and prospects for eradication. J Clin Invest 118:1266–1276
Hanspal M, Yoon SH, Yu H, Hanspal JS, Lambert S, Palek J, Prchal JT (1991) Molecular-basis of spectrin and ankyrin deficiencies in severe hereditary spherocytosis—evidence implicating a primary defect of ankyrin. Blood 77:165–173
Hassoun H, Vassiliadis JN, Murray J, Yi SJ, Hanspal M, Ware RE, Winter SS, Chiou SS, Palek J (1995) Molecular basis of spectrin deficiency in beta spectrin durham—a deletion within beta spectrin adjacent to the ankyrin-binding site precludes spectrin attachment to the membrane in hereditary spherocytosis. J Clin Invest 96:2623–2629
Husainchishti A, Faquin W, Wu CC, Branton D (1989) Purification of erythrocyte dematin (protein-4.9) reveals an endogenous protein-kinase that modulates actin-bundling activity. J Biol Chem 264:8985–8991
Ipsaro JJ, Harper SL, Messick TE, Marmorstein R, Mondragon A, Speicher DW (2010) Crystal structure and functional interpretation of the erythrocyte spectrin tetramerization domain complex. Blood 115:4843–4852
Kahana E, Pinder JC, Smith KS, Gratzer WB (1992) Fluorescence quenching of spectrin and other red-cell membrane cytoskeletal proteins—relation to hydrophobic binding-sites. Biochem J 282:75–80
Kanzaki A, Hayette S, Morle L, Inoue F, Matsuyama R, Inoue T, Yawata A, Wada H, Vallier A, Alloisio N, Yawata Y, Delaunay J (1997) Total absence of protein 4.2 and partial deficiency of band 3 in hereditary spherocytosis. Br J Haematol 99:522–530
Khan AA, Hanada T, Mohseni M, Jeong JJ, Zeng LX, Gaetani M, Li DH, Reed BC, Speicher DW, Chishti AH (2008) Dematin and adducin provide a novel link between the spectrin cytoskeleton and human erythrocyte membrane by directly interacting with glucose transporter-1. J Biol Chem 283:14600–14609
Koshino I, Mohandas N, Takakuwa Y (2012) Identification of a novel role for dematin in regulating red cell membrane function by modulating spectrin-actin interaction. J Biol Chem 287:35244–35250
Kuhlman PA, Hughes CA, Bennett V, Fowler VM (1996) A new function for adducin. Calicium calmodulin-regulated capping of the barbed ends of actin filaments. J Biol Chem 271:7986–7991
Kun JFJ, Hibbs AR, Saul A, McColl DJ, Coppel RL, Anders RF (1997) A putative Plasmodium falciparum exported serine/threonine protein kinase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 85:41–51
Lambert S, Conboy J, Zail S (1988) A molecular study of heterozygous protein 4.1 deficiency in hereditary elliptocytosis. Blood 72:1926–1929
Lazarides E, Woods C (1989) Biogenesis of the red blood cell membrane-skeleton and the control of erythroid morphogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Biol 5:427–452
Ling E, Danilov YN, Cohen CM (1988) Modulation of red-cell band-4.1 function by camp-dependent kinase and protein kinase-c phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 263:2209–2216
Liu SC, Derick LH, Palek J (1987) Visualization of the hexagonal lattice in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. J Cell Biol 104:527–536
Liu SC, Derick LH, Palek J (1993) Dependence of the permanent deformation of red-blood-cell membranes on spectrin dimer tetramer equilibrium—implication for permanent membrane deformation of irreversibly sickled cells. Blood 81:522–528
Lustigman S, Anders RF, Brown GV, Coppel RL (1990) The mature-parasite-infected erythrocyte surface-antigen (Mesa) of Plasmodium-falciparum associates with the erythrocyte-membrane skeletal protein, band-4.1. Mol Biochem Parasitol 38:261–270
Macpherson GG, Warrell MJ, White NJ, Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA (1985) Human cerebral malaria—a quantitative ultrastructural analysis of parasitized erythrocyte sequestration. Am J Pathol 119:385–401
Mankelow TJ, Satchwell TJ, Burton NM (2012) Refined views of multi-protein complexes in the erythrocyte membrane. Blood Cells Mol Dis 49:1–10
Manno S, Takakuwa Y, Nagao K, Mohandas N (1995) Modulation of erythrocyte-membrane mechanical function by beta-spectrin phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 270:5659–5665
Marchesi VT (1985) Stabilizing infrastructure of cell-membranes. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1:531–561
Marfatia SM, Lue RA, Branton D, Chishti AH (1994) In-vitro binding-studies suggest a membrane-associated complex between erythroid P55, protein-4.1, and glycophorin-C. J Biol Chem 269:8631–8634
Mcguire M, Smith BL, Agre P (1988) Distinct variants of erythrocyte protein-4.1 inherited in linkage with elliptocytosis and Rh-type in 3 white families. Blood 72:287–293
Michalak K, Bobrowska M, Sikorski AF (1993) Interaction of bovine erythrocyte spectrin with aminophospholipid liposomes. Gen Physiol Biophys 12:163–170
Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK (2002) The pathogenic basis of malaria. Nature 415:673–679
Mohandas N, An X (2012) Malaria and human red blood cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 201:593–598
Mohandas N, Chasis JA (1993) Red-blood-cell deformability, membrane material properties and shape—regulation by transmembrane, skeletal and cytosolic proteins and lipids. Semin Hematol 30:171–192
Mohandas N, Gallagher PG (2008) Red cell membrane: past, present, and future. Blood 112:3939–3948
Moriniere M, Ribeiro L, Dalla Venezia N, Deguillien M, Maillet P, Cynober T, Delhommeau F, Almeida H, Tamagnini G, Delaunay J, Baklouti F (2000) Elliptocytosis in patients with C-terminal domain mutations of protein 4.1 correlates with encoded messenger RNA levels rather than with alterations in primary protein structure. Blood 95:1834–1841
Murray MC, Perkins ME (1989) Phosphorylation of erythrocyte-membrane and cytoskeleton proteins in cells infected with Plasmodium-falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 34:229–236
Ohanian V, Wolfe LC, John KM, Pinder JC, Lux SE, Gratzer WB (1984) Analysis of the ternary interaction of the red-cell membrane skeletal protein-spectrin, protein-actin, and protein 4.1. Biochemistry 23:4416–4420
Palek J, Jarolim P (1993) Cellular molecular-biology of Rbc membrane.4. Clinical expression and laboratory detection of red-blood-cell membrane-protein mutations. Semin Hematol 30:249–283
Palek J, Lambert S (1990) Genetics of the red-cell membrane skeleton. Semin Hematol 27:290–332
Pei XH, An XL, Guo XH, Tarnawski M, Coppel R, Mohandas N (2005) Structural and functional studies of interaction between Plasmodium falciparum knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) and erythrocyte spectrin. J Biol Chem 280:31166–31171
Pei XH, Guo XH, Coppel R, Bhattacharjee S, Haldar K, Gratzer W, Mohandas N, An XL (2007a) The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) of Plasmodium falciparum stabilizes spectrin tetramers and suppresses further invasion. Blood 110:1036–1042
Pei XH, Guo XH, Coppel R, Mohandas N, An XL (2007b) Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 3 (PfEMP3) destabilizes erythrocyte membrane skeleton. J Biol Chem 282:26754–26758
Peker S, Akar N, Demiralp DO (2012) Proteomic identification of erythrocyte membrane protein deficiency in hereditary spherocytosis. Mol Biol Rep 39:3161–3167
Polprasert C, Chiangjong W, Thongboonkerd V (2012) Marked changes in red cell membrane proteins in hereditary spherocytosis: a proteomics approach. Mol Biosyst 8:2312–2322
Randon J, delGiudice EM, Bozon M, Perrotta S, DeVivo M, Iolascon A, Delaunay J, Morle L (1997) Frequent de novo mutations of the ANK1 gene mimic a recessive mode of transmission in hereditary spherocytosis: three new ANK1 variants: Ankyrins Bari, Napoli II and Anzio. Br J Haematol 96:500–506
Rebuck JW, Van Slyck EJ (1968) An unsuspected ultrastructural fault in human elliptocytes. Am J Clin Pathol 49:19–25
Saha S, Ramanathan R, Basu A, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A (2011) Elevated levels of redox regulators, membrane-bound globin chains, and cytoskeletal protein fragments in hereditary spherocytosis erythrocyte proteome. Eur J Haematol 87:259–266
Sato SB, Ohnishi S (1983) Interaction of a peripheral protein of the erythrocyte-membrane, band-4.1, with phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes and erythrocyte inside-out vesicles. Eur J Biochem 130:19–25
Shen BW, Josephs R, Steck TL (1986) Ultrastructure of the intact skeleton of the human-erythrocyte membrane. J Cell Biol 102:997–1006
Sherman IW (1985) Membrane-structure and function of malaria parasites and the infected erythrocyte. Parasitology 91:609–645
Sikorski AF, Michalak K, Bobrowska M (1987) Interaction of spectrin with phospholipids—quenching of spectrin intrinsic fluorescence by phospholipid suspensions. Biochim Biophys Acta 904:55–60
Singer SJ, Nicolson GL (1972) The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175:720–731
Takakuwa Y, Tchernia G, Rossi M, Benabadji M, Mohandas N (1986) Restoration of normal membrane stability to unstable protein-4.1-deficient erythrocyte-membranes by incorporation of purified protein-4.1. J Clin Invest 78:80–85
Tse WT, Lux SE (1999) Red blood cell membrane disorders. Br J Haematol 104:2–13
Tyler JM, Reinhardt BN, Branton D (1980) Associations of erythrocyte-membrane proteins—binding of purified bands 2.1 and 4.1 to spectrin. J Biol Chem 255:7034–7039
Ungewickell E, Gratzer W (1978) Self-association of human spectrin—thermodynamic and kinetic study. Eur J Biochem 88:379–385
Ungewickell E, Bennett PM, Calvert R, Ohanian V, Gratzer WB (1979) Invitro formation of a complex between cytoskeletal proteins of the human-erythrocyte. Nature 280:811–814
Waller KL, Nunomura W, An XL, Cooke BM, Mohandas N, Coppel RL (2003) Mature parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (MESA) of Plasmodium falciparum binds to the 30-kDa domain of protein 4.1 in malaria-infected red blood cells. Blood 102:1911–1914
Weber A, Pennise CR, Babcock GG, Fowler VM (1994) Tropomodulin caps the pointed ends of actin-filaments. J Cell Biol 127:1627–1635
Wichterle H, Hanspal M, Palek J, Jarolim P (1996) Combination of two mutant alpha spectrin alleles underlies a severe spherocytic hemolytic anemia. J Clin Invest 98:2300–2307
Wickham ME, Rug M, Ralph SA, Klonis N, McFadden GI, Tilley L, Cowman AF (2001) Trafficking and assembly of the cytoadherence complex in Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes. EMBO J 20:5636–5649
Woods CM, Lazarides E (1986) Spectrin assembly in avian erythroid development is determined by competing reactions of subunit homooligomerization and hetero-oligomerization. Nature 321:85–89
Yoshino H, Marchesi VT (1984) Isolation of spectrin subunits and reassociation in vitro—analysis by fluorescence polarization. J Biol Chem 259:4496–4500
Yu J, Steck TL (1975) Isolation and characterization of band-3, predominant polypeptide of human erythrocyte-membrane. J Biol Chem 250:9170–9175
Yu J, Fischman DA, Steck TL (1973) Selective solubilization of proteins and phospholipids from red blood cell membranes by nonionic detergents. J Supramol Struct 1:233–248
Acknowledgements
Avik Basu acknowledges a Senior Research Fellowship from Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), India. Authors also acknowledge MSACR project of DAE for funding and Dr. Sumanta Basu for initial artwork used in illustrations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Basu, A., Chakrabarti, A. (2015). Defects in Erythrocyte Membrane Skeletal Architecture. In: Chakrabarti, A., Surolia, A. (eds) Biochemical Roles of Eukaryotic Cell Surface Macromolecules. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 842. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11279-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-11280-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)