Abstract
Space and its utilisation have always been an area of antagonism between national sovereignty and cooperative usage. Humans had entered outer space for not even a decade, mostly to demonstrate the supremacy of a given societal idea, when the Outer Space Treaty in 1967 recognised space as a heritage of mankind and called for its “peaceful use” as an area of cooperation. Thus space incorporates both the utilitarian vision of cooperation in the face of a hostile environment and the realisation of autonomy in the most global arena surrounding our planet.
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Notes
- 1.
The “Arab Spring” of 2011 had again challenged the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the EU without resulting in a joint strategy.
- 2.
Nico, Fried. “Scharfes Auge aus dem All.” 3 January 2011. Süddeutsche.de 29 August 2013. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/wikileaks-geheimer-spionagesatellit-scharfes-auge-aus-dem-all-1.1042337
- 3.
France focuses on imaging in the infrared and visible spectrum; Germany uses radar (SAR) observation.
- 4.
See Brune, Sophie-Charlotte, Marcel Dickow, and Christian Mölling. “Finanzkrise und Verteidigungskooperation—Materialien zu acht europäischen Ländern und den USA.” October 2010. SWP Arbeitspapier 29 August 2013. http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/Finanzkrise_und_Verteidigungskooperation_final_ks.pdf
- 5.
Geo-return or juste retour is the distribution of work-share and subcontracts to participating member states and their industry, respectively, due to a political formula seeking to achieve a high correlation between what a state pays and what it gets back in terms of industrial contracts.
- 6.
See Al-Ekabi, Cenan, Blandina Baranes, Peter Hulsroj, and Arne Lahcen, eds. ESPI Yearbook 2011/2012: Space in Times of Financial Crisis. Vienna: Springer, Wien, New York, 2014.
- 7.
One step towards cooperation in defence policy by “pooling and sharing” resources in order to reduce the costs to taxpayers has recently taken place in the field of military satellite communications. This was the EDA facility ESCPC (European Satellite Communications Procurement Cell) by Italy, France, Poland, Romania and the UK. The ESCP, which entered into force on 28 June 2012, will pool the procurement of commercial Satellite Communications. The first ESCPC contract was the 3-year framework contract between EDA and Astrium Services signed in September 2012.
- 8.
See “G-MOSAIC.” G-MOSAIC 29 August 2013. http://www.gmes-gmosaic.eu/
- 9.
Musis: “Multinational Space-based Imaging System for Surveillance, Reconnaissance and Observation” is an intergovernmental programme of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Greece and Poland (which has participated since 2010) to jointly use military satellite imagery.
- 10.
See European Commission. Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council on the detailed rules for access to the public-regulated service offered by the global navigation satellite system established under the Galileo programme. COM (2010) 550 final of 8 October 2010. Brussels: European Union
- 11.
“SSA Programme Overview.” 22 May 2013. ESA 9 August 2013. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Space_Situational_Awareness/SSA_Programme_overview
- 12.
De Selding, Peter. “European Union Presses Ahead with Proposal To Lessen Dependence on U.S. for Space Surveillance.” 2 August 2013. Space News 9 August 2013. http://www.spacenews.com/article/military-space/36593european-union-presses-ahead-with-proposal-to-lessen-dependence-on-us
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Dickow, M. (2015). The Pursuit of Collective Autonomy? Europe’s Autonomy in “Space and Security” Lacks a Joint Vision. In: Al-Ekabi, C. (eds) European Autonomy in Space. Studies in Space Policy, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11110-0_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11110-0_7
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