Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease pp 3–28Cite as

The Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases over the Past 100 Years: A Brief Review

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1515 Accesses

Abstract

The diagnoses of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two main subtypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have been well characterized from a phenotypic point of view over the past 100 years. After several decades of refining the terminology used to describe the inflammatory bowel diseases, we have also begun to peel away at the complex pathophysiology of these distinct yet overlapping diseases over the past 20 years, determining what genetic, immunologic, microbiologic, and environmental characteristics that predispose and result in patients developing IBD. In this chapter, we will briefly describe the history for each of these chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal maladies, first with the early clinical descriptions of each disease entity, followed by the examples of the early laboratory, radiographic, and endoscopic evaluations. We will also discuss early leading hypotheses in the pathophysiology of these disorders, as well as the changes these theorems prompted in clinical management over the last century as we have expanded our armamentarium for these diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jostins L, Ripke S, Weersma RK, Duerr RH, McGovern DP, Hui KY, et al. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. [Meta-Analysis Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2012;491(7422):119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mulder DJ, Noble AJ, Justinich CJ, Duffin JM. A tale of two diseases: the history of inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8(5):341–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kirsner JB, Klotz U. Origins and directions of inflammatory bowel disease: early studies of the “nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases. Boston: Kluwer; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sydenham T. Medical observations concerning the history and cure of acute diseases. 3rd ed. London: Greenhill; 1898.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Burch W, Gump DW, Krawitt EL. Historical case report of sir william johnson, the mohawk baronet. Am J Gastroenterol. [Biography Historical Article]. 1992;87(8):1023–5.

    Google Scholar 

  6. De Dombal FT. Ulcerative colitis: definition, historical background, aetiology, diagnosis, naturel history and local complications. Postgrad Med J. 1968;44(515):684–92.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Wilks S. Morbid appearances in the intestines of Miss Bankes. Lond Med Gaz. 1859;2:264–5.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Manson P, Shaw TC, Spencer WG, Dalton N, Mummery L, Dawson B, et al. A discussion on ulcerative colitis. Proc R Soc Med. 1909;2(Med Sect):83–99.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Mummery L. A discussion on ulcerative colitis. Proc R Soc Med. 1909;2(Med Sect):92–4.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hawkins HP. An address on the natural history of ulcerative colitis and its bearing on treatment. Br Med J. 1909;1(2517):765–70.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hewitt JH, Howard WT. Chronic ulcerative colitis with polyps: a consideration of the so-called colitis polyposa (virchow). Arch Intern Med. 1915;XV(5_1):714–23.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Logan A. Chronic ulcerative colitis: a review of one hundred and seventeen cases. Northwest Med. 1919;18:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Einhorn M. Chronic ulcerative colitis and its treatment. New York Med J. 1923;117:214–8.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Crohn BB, Rosenberg H. The medical treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis (nonspecific). JAMA. 1924;83(5):326–31.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Crohn B, Rosenberg H. The sigmoidoscopic picture of chronic ulcerative colitis (nonspecific). Am J Med Sci. 1925;170:220–8.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Thorlakson PH. Primary ulcerative colitis. Can Med Assoc J. 1924;14(12):1168–73.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Helmholz HF. Chronic ulcerative colitis in childhood. Am J Dis Child. 1923;26:418.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bargen JA. Chronic ulcerative colitis associated with malignant disease. 1928. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37(7):727–30.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bargen JA. Complications and sequelae of chronic ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med. 1929;3(4):335–52.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Brooke PA. Erythema nodosum-like lesions in chronic ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 1933;209(5):233–5.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lansbury J, Bargen JA. The association of multiple hepatic abscesses and chronic ulcerative colitis. Med Clin North Am. 1933;16:1427–31.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bargen J, Barker NW. Extensive arterial and venous thrombosis complicating chronic ulcerative colitis. Arch Intern Med. 1936;58(1):17–31.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Comfort MW, Bargen JA, Morlock CG. The association of chronic ulcerative colitis (colitis gravis) with hepatic insufficiency: report of four cases. Med Clin North Am. 1938;22:1089–97.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lindahl W, Bargen J. Nephrolithiasis complicating chronic ulcerative colitis after ileostomy. A report of six cases. J Urol. 1941;46:183–92.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Barnes C, Hayes H. Ulcerative colitis complicating pregnancy and the puerperium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1931;22:907–12.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Abramson D, Jankelson IR, Milner LR. Pregnancy in idiopathic ulcerative colitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1951;61(1):121–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Macdougall I. Ulcerative colitis and pregnancy. Lancet. 1956;271(6944):641–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Crohn BB, Yarnis H, Crohn EB, Walter RI, Gabrilove LJ. Ulcerative colitis and pregnancy. Gastroenterology. 1956;30(3):391–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Willoughby CP, Truelove SC. Ulcerative colitis and pregnancy. Gut. 1980;21(6):469–74.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Webb MJ, Sedlack RE. Ulcerative colitis in pregnancy. Med Clin North Am. 1974;58(4):823–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sorokin JJ, Levine SM. Pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol. 1983;62(2):247–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bargen J. Chronic ulcerative colitis associated with malignant disease. Arch Surg. 1928;17(4):561–76.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Macdougall IP. Ulcerative colitis and carcinoma of the large intestine. Br Med J. 1954;1(4866):852–4.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dawson IM, Pryse-Davies J. The development of carcinoma of the large intestine in ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg. 1959;47:113–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Goldgraber MB, Kirsner JB. Carcinoma of the colon in ulcerative colitis. Cancer. 1964;17:657–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Devroede GJ, Taylor WF, Sauer WG, Jackman RJ, Stickler GB. Cancer risk and life expectancy of children with ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(1):17–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Loftus Jr EV. Epidemiology and risk factors for colorectal dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006;35(3):517–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Truelove SC. Medical management of ulcerative colitis. Br Med J. 1968;2(5604):539–42.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Louis E, Van Kemseke C, Reenaers C. Necessity of phenotypic classification of inflammatory bowel disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;25 Suppl 1:S2–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hoie O, Wolters FL, Riis L, Bernklev T, Aamodt G, Clofent J, et al. Low colectomy rates in ulcerative colitis in an unselected european cohort followed for 10 years. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(2):507–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ekbom A, Helmick CG, Zack M, Holmberg L, Adami HO. Survival and causes of death in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 1992;103(3):954–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lakatos L, Mester G, Erdelyi Z, David G, Pandur T, Balogh M, et al. Risk factors for ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer in a hungarian cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis: Results of a population-based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12(3):205–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. D’Haens G, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Geboes K, Hanauer SB, Irvine EJ, et al. A review of activity indices and efficacy end points for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(2):763–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1955;2(4947):1041–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Truelove SC, Jewell DP. Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 1974;1(7866):1067–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jarnerot G, Rolny P, Sandberg-Gertzen H. Intensive intravenous treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1985;89(5):1005–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Powell-Tuck J, Bown RL, Lennard-Jones JE. A comparison of oral prednisolone given as single or multiple daily doses for active proctocolitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1978;13(7):833–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Rachmilewitz D. Coated mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) versus sulphasalazine in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. BMJ. 1989;298(6666):82–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rutgeerts P. Comparative efficacy of coated, oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (claversal) and sulphasalazine for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. International study group. Aliment pharmacol Ther. 1989;3(2):183–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Seo M, Okada M, Yao T, Ueki M, Arima S, Okumura M. An index of disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87(8):971–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Seo M, Okada M, Yao T, Matake H, Maeda K. Evaluation of the clinical course of acute attacks in patients with ulcerative colitis through the use of an activity index. J Gastroenterol. 2002;37(1):29–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Seo M, Okada M, Yao T, Okabe N, Maeda K, Oh K. Evaluation of disease activity in patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis: comparisons between a new activity index and truelove and witts’ classification. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90(10):1759–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jarnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I, Blomquist L, Karlen P, Granno C, et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(7):1805–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, Gelernt I, Bauer J, Galler G, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(26):1841–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Targan S, Salzberg B, Mayer L, Hommes D, Hanauer S, Mahadevan U, et al. A phase i-ii study: multiple dose levels of visilizumab are well tolerated and produce rapid and sustained improvement in ulcerative colitis patients refractory to treatment with iv steroids (IVSR-UC). Gastroenterology. 2005;128(Suppl 2):A-75.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ochsenkuhn T, Sackmann M, Goke B. Infliximab for acute, not steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a randomized pilot study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16(11):1167–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Walmsley RS, Ayres RC, Pounder RE, Allan RN. A simple clinical colitis activity index. Gut. 1998;43(1):29–32.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Sutherland LR, Martin F, Greer S, Robinson M, Greenberger N, Saibil F, et al. 5-aminosalicylic acid enema in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis, and proctitis. Gastroenterology. 1987;92(6):1894–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. a randomized study. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(26):1625–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lewis JD, Chuai S, Nessel L, Lichtenstein GR, Aberra FN, Ellenberg JH. Use of the noninvasive components of the mayo score to assess clinical response in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(12):1660–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Travis SP, Schnell D, Krzeski P, Abreu MT, Altman DG, Colombel JF, et al. Developing an instrument to assess the endoscopic severity of ulcerative colitis: the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS). GUT. 2012;61(4):535–42.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Blonski W, Kotlyar D, Lin M, Lichtenstein GR. Historical perspective of crohn’s disease. In: Lichtenstein GR, editor. Crohn’s disease: the complete guide to medical management. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 2011. p. 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Baron JH. Inflammatory bowel disease up to 1932. Mt Sinai J Med. 2000;67(3):174–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Morgagni G. The seats and causes of disease investigated by anatomy. In: Johnson A, Payne B, editors. Five books containing a great varity of dissections with remarks. London: A. Millar and T. Cadll; 1769. p. 200–4.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Combe C, Saunders W. A singular case of stricture and thickening of ileum. Med Tran Roy Coll Physicians London. 1813;4:16–8.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Fielding J. Dalziel’s (crohn’s) disease. Hist Med. 1973;4:20–3.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Fielding J. Crohn’s disease and dalziel’s syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1988;10:279–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Colles A. Practical observations upon certain diseases of intestines, colon, and rectum. Dublin Hosp Reports. 1830;5:131–57.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lartigau A. A study of chronic hyperplastic tuberculosis of the intestine with report of a case. J Exp Med. 1901;6:23–51.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Moschowitz E, Wilnsky A. Non-specific granulomata of the intestine. Am J Med Sci. 1923;166:48–66.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Dalziel T. Crhonic interstitial enteritis. Br Med J (Clin Res). 1913;2:1068–70.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Crohn BB, Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer GD. Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity. JAMA. 1932;99(16):1323–9.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer GD. Non-specific granulomata of the intestine (inflammatory tumors and strictures of bowel). 1932. Mt Sinai J Med. 2000;67(3):246–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Harris F, Bell G, Brunn H. Chronic cicatrizing enteritis: regional ileitis (crohn). Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1933;57:637–45.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Cushway B. Chronic cicatrizing enteritis—regional ileitis (crohn). Ill Med J. 1934;66:525–33.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Harmer M. Crohn’s disease—a misnomer? Bristol Med Chir J. 1988;103:9–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Goldstein H. The history of regional enteritis (saunders—abercrombie—crohn ileitis). In: Kagan S, editor. Victor robinson memorial essays on history of medicine. New York: Froben Press; 1948. p. 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Ginzburg L. Regional enteritis: historical perspective (B. Crohn and L. Ginzburg). Gastroenterology. 1986;90(5 Pt 1):1310–11.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Fischer A, Lurmann H. Uber eine tumorbildende ulcerose stenoosierende und perforierende entzundung des unteren ileum. Arch Klin Chirr. 1933;177:638–50.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Brown P, Bargen J, Weber H. Inflammatory lesions of the small intestine (regional enteritis). Am J Dig Dis Nutr. 1934;1:426–31.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Ross JR. Cicatrizing enteritis, colitis and gastritis; a case report. Gastroenterology. 1949;13(4):344–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Franklin RH, Taylor S. Nonspecific granulomatous (regional) esophagitis. J Thorac Surg. 1950;19(2):292–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wells C. Ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1952;11(2):105–20.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Cooke WT, Brooke BN. Non-specific enterocolitis. Q J Med. 1955;24(93):1–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Brooke BN. Granulomatous diseases of the intestine. Lancet. 1959;2(7106):745–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Morson BC, Lockhart-Mummery HE. Crohn’s disease of the colon. Gastroenterologia. 1959;92:168–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Cornes JS, Stecher M. Primary crohn’s disease of the colon and rectum. Gut. 1961;2:189–201.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kyle J, Bell TM, Porteous IB, Blair DW. Factors in the aetiology of regional enteritis. Bulletin de la Societe internationale de chirurgie. 1963;22:575–84.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Gjone E, Orning OM, Myren J. Crohn’s disease in norway 1956-63. Gut. 1966;7(4):372–4.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(1):46–54 e42; quiz e30.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Hanauer SB, Lochs H, Lofberg R, Modigliani R, et al. A review of activity indices and efficacy endpoints for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(2):512–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Best WR, Becktel JM, Singleton JW, Kern Jr F. Development of a crohn’s disease activity index. National cooperative crohn’s disease study. Gastroenterology. 1976;70(3):439–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Singleton JW, Hanauer SB, Gitnick GL, Peppercorn MA, Robinson MG, Wruble LD, et al. Mesalamine capsules for the treatment of active crohn’s disease: results of a 16-week trial. Pentasa crohn’s disease study group. Gastroenterology. 1993;104(5):1293–301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Thomsen OO, Cortot A, Jewell D, Wright JP, Winter T, Veloso FT, et al. A comparison of budesonide and mesalamine for active crohn’s disease. International budesonide-mesalamine study group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(6):370–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Greenberg GR, Feagan BG, Martin F, Sutherland LR, Thomson AB, Williams CN, et al. Oral budesonide as maintenance treatment for crohn’s disease: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Canadian inflammatory bowel disease study group. Gastroenterology. 1996;110(1):45–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Chande N, Tsoulis DJ, MacDonald JK. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD000545.

    Google Scholar 

  97. McDonald JW, Feagan BG, Jewell D, Brynskov J, Stange EF, Macdonald JK. Cyclosporine for induction of remission in crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2:CD000297.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Mayer LF, Schreiber S, Colombel JF, et al. Maintenance infliximab for crohn’s disease: the accent i randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9317):1541–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Williet N, Sandborn WJ, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Patient-reported outcomes as primary end points in clinical trials of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;15.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Administration UDoHaHSFaD. The patient reported outcomes (pro) consortium. 2010 [5/26/2014]; [11/01/2010]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/partnershipscollaborations/publicprivatepartnershipprogram/ucm231129.htm.

  101. Administration UDoHaHSFaD. Guidance for industry: Patient-reported outcome measures: Use in medical product development to support labeling claims. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Harvey RF, Bradshaw JM. A simple index of crohn’s-disease activity. Lancet. 1980;1(8167):514.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Markowitz J, Grancher K, Kohn N, Lesser M, Daum F. A multicenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone in children with newly diagnosed crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(4):895–902.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Myren J, Bouchier IA, Watkinson G, Softley A, Clamp SE, de Dombal FT. The O.M.G.E. Multinational inflammatory bowel disease survey 1976-1982. A further report on 2,657 cases. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;95:1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Wright JP, Marks IN, Parfitt A. A simple clinical index of crohn’s disease activity–the cape town index. S Afr Med J. 1985;68(7):502–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, Hanauer SB, Mayer L, van Hogezand RA, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. [Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial]. 1999;340(18):1398–405.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Irvine EJ. Usual therapy improves perianal crohn’s disease as measured by a new disease activity index. Mcmaster ibd study group. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1995;20(1):27–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Guyatt G, Mitchell A, Irvine EJ, Singer J, Williams N, Goodacre R, et al. A new measure of health status for clinical trials in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1989;96(3):804–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Irvine EJ, Feagan BG, Wong CJ. Does self-administration of a quality of life index for inflammatory bowel disease change the results? J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(10):1177–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Irvine EJ, Zhou Q, Thompson AK. The short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire: a quality of life instrument for community physicians managing inflammatory bowel disease. CCRPT Investigators. Canadian Crohn’s Relapse Prevention Trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(8):1571–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Gregor J, McDonald J, Klar N, Wall R, Atkinson K, Lamba B, et al. An evaluation of utility measurement in crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1997;3(4):265–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Anonymous. Reproducibility of colonoscopic findings in crohn’s disease: a prospective multicenter study of interobserver variation. Groupe d’etudes therapeutiques des affections inflammatoires du tube digestif (getaid). Dig Dis Sci. 1987;32(12):1370–9.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Mary JY, Modigliani R. Development and validation of an endoscopic index of the severity for crohn’s disease: a prospective multicentre study. Groupe d’etudes therapeutiques des affections inflammatoires du tube digestif (getaid). Gut. 1989;30(7):983–9.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, Beyls J, Kerremans R, Hiele M. Predictability of the postoperative course of crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(4):956–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, Kerremans R, Coenegrachts JL, Coremans G. Natural history of recurrent crohn’s disease at the ileocolonic anastomosis after curative surgery. Gut. 1984;25(6):665–72.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Stierlin R. Zur rontgen diagnostik der colitis ulcerosa. Z Klin Med. 1913;75:486–93.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Kienbock R. Zur rontgendiagnose der colitis ulcerosa. Fortschr Geb Rontgenstrahlen. 1913;20:231–9.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Kantor JL. Colon studies. Iv. The roentgen diagnosis of colitis. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther. 1927;17:405–16.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Ricketts WE, Kirsner JB, Palmer WL. Chronic non-specific ulcerative colitis: a roentgenologic study of its course. Gastroenterology. 1948;10:1–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. De Dombal FT, Geffen N, Darnborough A, Watkinson G, Goligher JC. Radiological appearances of ulcerative colitis: an evaluation of their clinical significance. Gut. 1968;9(2):157–63.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kantor JL. Regional (terminal) ileitis: its roentgen diagnosis. JAMA. 1934;103(26):2016–21.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Bargen JA, Weber HM. Regional migratory chronic ulcerative colitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1930;50:964–72.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Marshak RH, Wolf BS, Eliasoph J. Segmental colitis. Radiology. 1959;73:707–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Leighton JA, Loftus Jr EV. Evolving diagnostic modalities in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7(6):467–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Wold PB, Fletcher JG, Johnson CD, Sandborn WJ. Assessment of small bowel crohn disease: Noninvasive peroral ct enterography compared with other imaging methods and endoscopy—feasibility study. Radiology. 2003;229(1):275–281.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Raptopoulos V, Schwartz RK, McNicholas MM, Movson J, Pearlman J, Joffe N. Multiplanar helical ct enterography in patients with crohn’s disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169(6):1545–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Mazzeo S, Caramella D, Battolla L, Melai L, Masolino P, Bertoni M, et al. Crohn disease of the small bowel: spiral ct evaluation after oral hyperhydration with isotonic solution. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001;25(4):612–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Rieber A, Wruk D, Potthast S, Nussle K, Reinshagen M, Adler G, et al. Diagnostic imaging in crohn’s disease: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and conventional imaging methods. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2000;15(3):176–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Darbari A, Sena L, Argani P, Oliva-Hemker JM, Thompson R, Cuffari C. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: a useful radiological tool in diagnosing pediatric IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10(2):67–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Ochsenkuhn T, Herrmann K, Schoenberg SO, Reiser MF, Goke B, Sackmann M. Crohn disease of the small bowel proximal to the terminal ileum: detection by mr-enteroclysis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004;39(10):953–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kelly HA. A new method of examination and treatment of diseases of the rectum and sigmoid flexure. Ann Surg. 1895;21:468–78.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Tuttle JP. A treatise on diseases of the anus, rectum, and pelvic colon. New York: S. Appleton & Co.; 1903.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Selzer JD, Mc CR. The sigmoidoscopic diagnosis of regional enteritis. Am J Surg. 1958;95(1):144–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Lockhart-Mummery HE, Morson BC. Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis) of the large intestine and its distinction from ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1960;1:87–105.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Wolff WI, Shinya H. Colonofiberoscopy. JAMA. 1971;217(11):1509–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Marks G. Flexible fiberoptic colonoscopy. A guide for its use in the management of diseases of the colon. JAMA. 1974;228(11):1411–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Teague RH, Salmon PR, Read AE. Fibreoptic examination of the colon: a review of 255 cases. Gut. 1973;14(2):139–42.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Itzkowitz SH, Present DH, Crohn’s Colitis Foundation of America Colon Cancer in IBDSG. Consensus conference: colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11(3):314–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Sandborn WJ, Hanauer S, Van Assche G, Panes J, Wilson S, Petersson J, et al. Treating beyond symptoms with a view to improving patient outcomes in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8(9):927–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. de Dombal FT, Burch PR, Watkinson G. Aetiology of ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1969;10(4):270–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Bargen JA. Experimental studies on the etiology of chronic ulcerative colitis: preliminary report. JAMA. 1924;83(5):332–6.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Cook T. Focal inection of the teeth and eelctive localization in the experimental production of ulcerative colitis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1931;18:2290–301.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Manichanh C, Borruel N, Casellas F, Guarner F. The gut microbiota in IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;9(10):599–608.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Shanahan F, Guarner F, de Vos WM. Phylogenetic analysis of dysbiosis in ulcerative colitis during remission. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(3):481–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Sartor RB. Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(2):577–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Lin M, Blonski W, Kotlyar D, Lichtenstein GR. Historical perspective of ulcerative colitis. In: Lichtenstein GR, editor. Ulcerative colitis: The complete guide to medical management. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 2011. p. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Kirsner JB, Goldgraber MB. Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and the digestive tract. Gastroenterology. 1960;38(4):536–62.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Rider JA, Moeller HC. Food hypersensitivity in ulcerative colitis. Further experience with an intramucosal test. Am J Gastroenterol. 1962;37:497–507.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Binder V, Hvidberg E. Histamine content of rectal mucosa in ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1967;8(1):24–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Weeke E, Binder V, Olsen JH, Anthonisen P, Riis P. [Pregnancy and non-specific hemorrhagic proctocolitis (hemorrhagic proctitis and ulcerative colitis)]. Nord Med. 1966;75(4):92–6.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Kurlander DJ, Kirsner JB. The association of chronic “nonspecific” inflammatory bowel disease with lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med. 1964;60(5):799–813.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Brearley KS, Spiers AS. Autoimmune disease of the thyroid and colon, with a report of a case of chronic ulcerative colitis in association with hashimoto’s disease and penicillin allergy. Med J Aust. 1962;49(1):789–95.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Lorber M, Schwartz LI, Wasserman LR. Association of antibody-coated red blood cells with ulcerative colitis; report of four cases. Am J Med. 1955;19(6):887–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Falchuk KR, Isselbacher KJ. Circulating antibodies to bovine albumin in ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease. Characterization of the antibody response. Gastroenterology. 1976;70(1):5–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Truelove SC. Ulcerative colitis provoked by milk. Br Med J. 1961;1(5220):154–60.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Wright R, Truelove SC. Circulating antibodies to dietary proteins in ulcerative colitis. Br Med J. 1965;2(5454):142–4.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Kraft SC, Fitch FW, Kirsner JB. Histologic and immunohistochemical features of the auer “colitis” in rabbits. Am J Pathol. 1963;43:913–27.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Callahan WS, Goldman RG, Vial AB. The AUER phenomenon in colon-sensitized mice. Histopathology of colonic lesions. J Surg Res. 1963;3:395–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Broberger O, Perlmann P. Autoantibodies in human ulcerative colitis. J Exp Med. 1959;110:657–74.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Broberger O, Perlmann P. Demonstration of an epithelial antigen in colon by means of fluorescent antibodies from children with ulcerative colitis. J Exp Med. 1962;115:13–26.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Gebbers JO, Otto HF. Evidence for local immune complexes in ulcerative colitis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 197;41(5–6):329–50.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Nielsen H, Binder V, Daugharty H, Svehag SE. Circulating immune complexes in ulcerative colitis. I. Correlation to disease activity. Clin Exp Immunol. 1978;31(1):72–80.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Lagercrantz R, Hammarstrom S, Perlmann P, Gustafsson BE. Immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. IV. Origin of autoantibodies. J Exp Med. 1968;128(6):1339–52.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Lagercrantz R, Perlmann P, Hammarstrom S. Immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. V. Family studies. Gastroenterology. 1971;60(3):381–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Stefani S, Fink S. The ulcerative colitis lymphocyte: reaction to E. coli o 14 and colon antigens. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1967;2(4):333–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Tabaqchali S, O’Donoghue DP, Bettelheim KA. Escherichia coli antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 1978;19(2):108–13.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Shorter RG, Huizenga KA, Spencer RJ. A working hypothesis for the etiology and pathogenesis of nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Dig Dis. 1972;17(11):1024–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Brandtzaeg P, Baklien K, Fausa O, Hoel PS. Immunohistochemical characterization of local immunoglobulin formation in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1974;66(6):1123–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Bird AG, Britton S. No evidence for decreased lymphocyte reactivity in crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1974;67(5):926–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Sachar DB, Taub RN, Brown SM, Present DH, Korelitz BI, Janowitz HD. Impaired lymphocyte responsiveness in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1973;64(2):203–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Bendixen G. Specific inhibition of the in vitro migration of leucocytes in ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1967;2(3):214–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Fichtelius KE. The gut epithelium–a first level lymphoid organ? Exp Cell Res. 1968;49(1):87–104.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Fichtelius KE, Sundstrom C, Kullgren B, Linna J. The lympho-epithelial organs of homo sapiens revisited. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1969;77(1):103–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Watson DW, Quigley A, Bolt RJ. Effect of lymphocytes from patients with ulcerative colitis on human adult colon epithelial cells. Gastroenterology. 1966;51(6):985–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Shorter RG, Cardoza M, Spencer RJ, Huizenga KA. Further studies on in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from patients with ulcerative and granulomatous colitis for allogeneic colonic epithelial cells, including the effects of colectomy. Gastroenterology. 1969;56(2):304–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Rosekrans PC, Meijer CJ, van der Wal AM, Cornelisse CJ, Lindeman J. Immunoglobulin containing cells in inflammatory bowel disease of the colon: a morphometric and immunohistochemical study. Gut. 1980;21(11):941–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Kett K, Rognum TO, Brandtzaeg P. Mucosal subclass distribution of immunoglobulin g-producing cells is different in ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease of the colon. Gastroenterology. 1987;93(5):919–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Arseneau KO, Tamagawa H, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Innate and adaptive immune responses related to IBD pathogenesis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9(6):508–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(6):417–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Fuss IJ, Neurath M, Boirivant M, Klein JS, de la Motte C, Strong SA, et al. Disparate cd4+ lamina propria (lp) lymphokine secretion profiles in inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn’s disease lp cells manifest increased secretion of ifn-gamma, whereas ulcerative colitis lp cells manifest increased secretion of il-5. J Immunol. 1996;157(3):1261–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Brand S. Crohn’s disease: Th1, th17 or both? The change of a paradigm: new immunological and genetic insights implicate th17 cells in the pathogenesis of crohn’s disease. Gut. 2009;58(8):1152–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Neurath MF. Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(5):329–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Neurath MF, Fuss I, Kelsall BL, Stuber E, Strober W. Antibodies to interleukin 12 abrogate established experimental colitis in mice. J Exp Med. 1995;182(5):1281–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Tilg H, Ulmer H, Kaser A, Weiss G. Role of il-10 for induction of anemia during inflammation. J Immunol. 2002;169(4):2204–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Herrlinger KR, Witthoeft T, Raedler A, Bokemeyer B, Krummenerl T, Schulzke JD, et al. Randomized, double blind controlled trial of subcutaneous recombinant human interleukin-11 versus prednisolone in active crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(4):793–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Paulson M. Nonspecific or indeterminate colitis. In: Portis S, editor. Diseases of the digestive system. 3 ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1953. p. 783.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Kirsner JB, Palmer WL. Ulcerative colitis: considerations of its etiology and treatment. J Am Med Assoc. 1954;155(4):341–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Houghton EA, Naish JM. Familial ulcerative colitis and ileltis. Gastroenterologia. 1958;89(2):65–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Crohn BB, Yarnis H. Regional ileitis. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Schlesinger B, Platt J. Ulcerative colitis in childhood and a follow-up study. Proc R Soc Med. 1958;51(9):733–5.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, Olson JM, Lee JC, Beaugerie L, et al. Mapping of a susceptibility locus for crohn’s disease on chromosome 16. Nature. 1996;379(6568):821–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Bonen DK, Cho JH. The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(2):521–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Jostins L, Ripke S, Weersma RK, Duerr RH, McGovern DP, Hui KY, et al. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2012;491(7422):119–24.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Weir R. A new use for the useless appendix in surgical treatment of obstinate colitis. Med Rec. 1902;62:201–2.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Allison C. Cecostomy: the opertion of choice for temporary drainage of the colon. JAMA. 1909;53:1562.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Strauss A, Friedman J, Block L. Colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Surg Clin North Am. 1923;3:1033–42.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Brooke BN, Cooke WT. Ulcerative colitis; a diagnostic problem and a therapeutic warning. Lancet. 1951;2(6681):462–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Brooke BN. The management of an ileostomy, including its complications. Lancet. 1952;2(6725):102–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Turnbull Jr RB. Management of the ileostomy. Am J Surg. 1953;86(5):617–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Kock NG. Continent ileostomy. Prog Surg. 1973;12:180–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Ravitch MM, Sabiston Jr DC. Anal ileostomy with preservation of the sphincter; a proposed operation in patients requiring total colectomy for benign lesions. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1947;84(6):1095–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Parks AG, Nicholls RJ, Belliveau P. Proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir and anal anastomosis. Br J Surg. 1980;67(8):533–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Gray SJ, Reifenstein RW, Benson Jr JA, Young J. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with corticotropin (acth) and cortisone: a two year follow-up. JAMA. 1952;148(17):1489–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Kirsner JB, Palmer WL, Klotz AP. Acth in severe chronic regional enteritis: observations in four patients. Gastroenterology. 1952;20(2):229–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Summers RW, Switz DM, Sessions Jr JT, Becktel JM, Best WR, Kern Jr F, et al. National cooperative crohn’s disease study: results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology. 1979;77(4 Pt 2):847–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Sparberg M, Kirsner J. Long-term corticosteroid therapy for regional enteritis: an analysis of 58 courses in 54 patients. Digest Dis Sci. 1966;11(11):865–80.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Faubion Jr WA, Loftus Jr EV, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(2):255–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Caprilli R, Cesarini M, Angelucci E, Frieri G. The long journey of salicylates in ulcerative colitis: the past and the future. J Crohns Colitis. 2009;3(3):149–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Baron JH, Connell AM, Lennard-Jones JE, Jones FA. Sulphasalazine and salicylazosulphadimidine in ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 1962;1(7239):1094–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Misiewicz JJ, Lennard-Jones JE, Connell AM, Baron JH, Avery Jones F. Controlled trial of sulphasalazine in maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 1965;285(7378):185–8.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Azad Khan AK, Piris J, Truelove SC. An experiment to determine the active therapeutic moiety of sulphasalazine. Lancet. [Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial]. 1977;2(8044):892–5.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Chan RP, Pope DJ, Gilbert AP, Sacra PJ, Baron JH, Lennard-Jones JE. Studies of two novel sulfasalazine analogs, ipsalazide and balsalazide. Dig Dis Sci. 1983;28(7):609–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Riley SA, Mani V, Goodman MJ, Herd ME, Dutt S, Turnberg LA. Comparison of delayed-release 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) and sulfasalazine as maintenance treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1988;94(6):1383–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Feagan BG, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD000543.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Feagan BG, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD000544.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Akobeng AK, Gardener E. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically-induced remission in crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005(1):CD003715.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Kirsner JB. The immunologic response of the colon. JAMA. 1965;191:809–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Bean RH. The treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis with 6-mercaptopurine. Med J Aust. 1962;49(2):592–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Bowen GE, Irons Jr GV, Rhodes JB, Kirsner JB. Early experiences with azathioprine in ulcerative colitis; a note of caution. JAMA. 1966;195(6):460–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Brooke BN, Hoffmann DC, Swarbrick ET. Azathioprine for crohn’s disease. Lancet. 1969;2(7621):612–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Jewell DP, Truelove SC. Azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: final report on controlled therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1974;4(5945):627–30.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Willoughby JM, Beckett J, Kumar PJ, Dawson AM. Controlled trial of azathioprine in crohn’s disease. Lancet. 1971;2(7731):944–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Rhodes J, Bainton D, Beck P, Campbell H. Controlled trial of azathioprine in crohn’s disease. Lancet. 1971;2(7737):1273–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Present DH, Korelitz BI, Wisch N, Glass JL, Sachar DB, Pasternack BS. Treatment of crohn’s disease with 6-mercaptopurine. A long-term, randomized, double-blind study. N Engl J Med. 1980;302(18):981–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Prefontaine E, Sutherland LR, Macdonald JK, Cepoiu M. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(1):CD000067.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Timmer A, McDonald JW, Tsoulis DJ, Macdonald JK. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD000478.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Kozarek RA, Patterson DJ, Gelfand MD, Botoman VA, Ball TJ, Wilske KR. Methotrexate induces clinical and histologic remission in patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110(5):353–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Feagan BG, Rochon J, Fedorak RN, Irvine EJ, Wild G, Sutherland L, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of crohn’s disease. The North American Crohn’s Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(5):292–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, Irvine EJ, Wild G, Sutherland L, Steinhart AH, et al. A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for the maintenance of remission in crohn’s disease. North American Crohn’s Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(22):1627–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Lichtiger S, Present DH. Preliminary report: cyclosporin in treatment of severe active ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 1990;336(8706):16–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Treem WR, Davis PM, Hyams JS. Cyclosporine treatment of severe ulcerative colitis in children. J Pediatr. 1991;119(6):994–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. van Dullemen HM, van Deventer SJ, Hommes DW, Bijl HA, Jansen J, Tytgat GN, et al. Treatment of crohn’s disease with anti-tumor necrosis factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (ca2). Gastroenterology. 1995;109(1):129–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Reinisch W, Olson A, Johanns J, et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. [Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2005;353(23):2462–76.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, Chey WY, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. [Clinical Trial Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]. 2004;350(9):876–85.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Enns R, Hanauer SB, Panaccione R, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with crohn’s disease: the charm trial. Gastroenterology. [Clinical Trial, Phase III Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2007;132(1):52–65.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Fedorak RN, Lukas M, MacIntosh D, et al. Human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody (adalimumab) in crohn’s disease: the classic-i trial. Gastroenterology. [Comparative Study Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2006;130(2):323–33; quiz 591.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Sandborn WJ, van Assche G, Reinisch W, Colombel JF, D’Haens G, Wolf DC, et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. [Clinical Trial, Phase III Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial]. 2012;142(2):257–65 e251–3.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Rutgeerts P, Fedorak RN, Lukas M, MacIntosh DG, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance treatment of crohn’s disease: results of the classic ii trial. Gut. [Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2007;56(9):1232–9.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Schreiber S, Lawrance IC, Thomsen OO, Hanauer SB, Bloomfield R, Sandborn WJ. Randomised clinical trial: certolizumab pegol for fistulas in crohn’s disease—subgroup results from a placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. [Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2011;33(2):185–93.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Lichtenstein GR, Thomsen OO, Schreiber S, Lawrance IC, Hanauer SB, Bloomfield R, et al. Continuous therapy with certolizumab pegol maintains remission of patients with crohn’s disease for up to 18 months. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. [Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2010;8(7):600–9.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Sandborn WJ, Abreu MT, D’Haens G, Colombel JF, Vermeire S, Mitchev K, et al. Certolizumab pegol in patients with moderate to severe crohn’s disease and secondary failure to infliximab. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. [Comparative Study Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial]. 2010;8(8):688–95 e682.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Stoinov S, Honiball PJ, Rutgeerts P, Mason D, et al. Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. [Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2007;357(3):228–38.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Schreiber S, Khaliq-Kareemi M, Lawrance IC, Thomsen OO, Hanauer SB, McColm J, et al. Maintenance therapy with certolizumab pegol for crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. [Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2007;357(3):239–50.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, Zhang H, Strauss R, Johanns J, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(1):85–95; quiz e14-85.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, Zhang H, Strauss R, Johanns J, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(1):96–109 e101.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Enns R, Feagan BG, Hanauer SB, Lawrance IC, et al. Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. [Clinical Trial Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]. 2005;353(18):1912–25.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Targan SR, Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, Lashner BA, Panaccione R, Present DH, et al. Natalizumab for the treatment of active crohn’s disease: results of the encore trial. Gastroenterology. [Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2007;132(5):1672–83.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Miller DH, Khan OA, Sheremata WA, Blumhardt LD, Rice GP, Libonati MA, et al. A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. [Clinical Trial Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. 2003;348(1):15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Clifford DB, DeLuca A, Simpson DM, Arendt G, Giovannoni G, Nath A. Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(4):438–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Bloomgren G, Richman S, Hotermans C, Subramanyam M, Goelz S, Natarajan A, et al. Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1870–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Scott FI, Osterman MT, McConnell RA, Lorusso M, Aberra F, Kerner C, et al. Impact of jc virus antibody testing in patients with crohn’s disease with loss of response to infliximab: A markov model. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(12):2625–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, Hanauer S, Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(8):699–710.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Hanauer S, Colombel JF, Sands BE, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(8):711–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S, Panes J, Vranic I, Su C, Rousell S, et al. Tofacitinib, an oral janus kinase inhibitor, in active ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(7):616–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, Gao LL, Blank MA, Johanns J, Guzzo C, et al. Ustekinumab induction and maintenance therapy in refractory crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1519–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Frank I. Scott MD, MSCE

  2. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 9th Floor Penn Tower, One Convention Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Gary R. Lichtenstein MD

Authors
  1. Frank I. Scott MD, MSCE
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gary R. Lichtenstein MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank I. Scott MD, MSCE .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Digestive Disease Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Richard Kozarek

  2. Digestive Disease Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Michael Chiorean

  3. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA

    Michael Wallace

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Scott, F.I., Lichtenstein, G.R. (2015). The Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases over the Past 100 Years: A Brief Review. In: Kozarek, R., Chiorean, M., Wallace, M. (eds) Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11077-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11077-6_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11076-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-11077-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation