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Biofilm-Based Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections

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Biofilm-based Healthcare-associated Infections

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 830))

Abstract

Different types of central venous catheters (CVCs) have been used in clinical practice to improve the quality of life of chronically and critically ill patients. Unfortunately, indwelling devices are usually associated with microbial biofilms and eventually lead to catheter-related bloodstream infections (CLABSIs).

An estimated 250,000–400,000 CLABSIs occur every year in the United States, at a rate of 1.5 per 1,000 CVC days and a mortality rate of 12–25 %. The annual cost of caring for patients with CLABSIs ranges from 296 million to 2.3 billion dollars.

Biofilm formation occurs on biotic and abiotic surfaces in the clinical setting. Extensive studies have been conducted to understand biofilm formation, including different biofilm developmental stages, biofilm matrix compositions, quorum-sensing regulated biofilm formation, biofilm dispersal (and its clinical implications), and multi-species biofilms that are relevant to polymicrobial infections.

When microbes form a matured biofilm within human hosts through medical devices such as CVCs, the infection becomes resistant to antibiotic treatment and can develop into a chronic condition. For that reason, many techniques have been used to prevent the formation of biofilm by targeting different stages of biofilm maturation. Other methods have been used to diagnose and treat established cases of CLABSI.

Catheter removal is the conventional management of catheter associated bacteremia; however, the procedure itself carries a relatively high risk of mechanical complications. Salvaging the catheter can help to minimize these complications.

In this article, we provide an overview of microbial biofilm formation; describe the involvement of various genetic determinants, adhesion proteins, organelles, mechanism(s) of biofilm formation, polymicrobial infections, and biofilm-associated infections on indwelling intravascular catheters; and describe the diagnosis, management, and prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections.

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Raad is co-inventor of technology related to minocycline and rifampin-coated catheters. This technology is the property of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and the Baylor College of Medicine and is licensed to Cook, Inc. Dr. Raad is also a co-inventor of technology related to minocycline-EDTA Lock. This technology is licensed to Novel Anti-infective Technology.

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  1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Ammar Yousif MD, Mohamed A. Jamal PhD & Issam Raad MD, FACP, IDSA, FSHEA

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  1. Ammar Yousif MD
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  2. Mohamed A. Jamal PhD
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  3. Issam Raad MD, FACP, IDSA, FSHEA
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Correspondence to Issam Raad MD, FACP, IDSA, FSHEA .

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  1. Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy

    Gianfranco Donelli

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Yousif, A., Jamal, M.A., Raad, I. (2015). Biofilm-Based Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections. In: Donelli, G. (eds) Biofilm-based Healthcare-associated Infections. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 830. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_10

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